Complete this month's Continuing Education questions to qualify for extra NZ College of Pharmacists credits. go
Last month's answers here
When dispensing chloramphemicol it is vital to carefully assess the seriousness of the condition and to refer when necessary.
View Tip
More Tips
This is going to take time, it is therefore important to consider what is a reasonable charge when dispensing the medicine, which is itself low cost, Natalie Gauld says.
PreviousNextDevelop business savvy by attending business groups such as the local business networks where other business owners share ideas and knowledge, Andrew Hill, partner with chartered accountancy firm BDO Auckland, says.
PreviousNextJohn Saywell says these "winners" are highly likely to respond well to some extra promotion - so it is hard to justify investing your time and effort on less successful lines.
PreviousNextYour customers won't appreciate it if your pharmacy is always venturing off into unrelated product areas such as children's clothes or toys. This reduces your credibility as a health consultant and makes it less likely that your health-related promotions will work, John Saywell, managing director of RPM Retail says.
PreviousNextPlaster it all over a pharmacy carrier bag! In the UK pharmacy bags have been shown to give the biggest bang for your buck with bags promoting everything from bowel cancer screening to measles vaccines.
PreviousNextstrengthen brand equity and create trust by emphasising ethical heritage and reinforce emotional binding, according to OTC expert Nicholas Hall.
PreviousNextA new category has been added to this year's
Pharmacy Today/ProPharma Pharmacy Awards - Student of the Year. Final year BPharm students from Otago and Auckland Schools of Pharmacy are eligible to enter. See
http://www.pharmacyawards.co.nz for more details.
PreviousNextMake sure everyone at the store understands that their paycheck is ultimately paid by the purchasing customers. Sounds straight forward but easy to forget.
PreviousNextThe correct answer is never "I don't know" unless you add to it, "but I can find out for you."
PreviousNextThe live customer standing in front of you takes precedence over someone who calls on the phone.
PreviousNextUse age-appropriate greetings, and avoid referring to older customers and women as "guys."
PreviousNext Smile when greeting a customer in person and on the phone (and yes, they can tell if you are smiling over the telephone)!
PreviousNextOffer a variety of wrapping services –
• basic wrap & ribbon (free)
• deluxe gift wrap ($5) or
• glamour wrap ($10)
Have items already gift wrapped so you can show customers what they get with the deluxe and glamour offers.
PreviousNext...reduce wholesaler deliveries to once a day rather than three times a day to save staff time unpacking orders
PreviousNextTry to have at least one employee "out there" on the floor with the customers, answering questions, giving help/advice, but also being observant and watching for "Shrinks" (it not only prevents theft, it increases sales too), security expert Steve Davis says.
PreviousNextGet your thinking caps on! It's time to start thinking about your 2010
Pharmacy Today/ProPharma Pharmacy Awards entry. The event will take place at Sky City, Auckland, on 12 June 2010.
PreviousNext
John Saywell says he struggles to find any good business reason for pharmacies to promote generic retail.
"I have argued for years there is a place for generics - and that is in the dispensary!"
PreviousNext Benefits are advantages of the feature. For example, a spray dispenser is a feature, the benefit is easy application and a control over the amount used - highlight these benefits to maximise sales, marketing guru Richard Gee says.
PreviousNextInstead of handing out samples in a boring box, make it special! Gift wrap or pop the sample in an inexpensive organza bag. This instantly transforms a sample into a gift.
PreviousNextPharmacists need to be patient focussed, not prescription focussed and to achieve this, they must be aligned with general practice, Pharmaceutical Society president Elizabeth Plant, says.
PreviousNextJohn Saywell, managing director of RPM Retail says if you want to sell twice as much to each customer and increase your profit margins - then a dedicated OTC pharmacist is the way to go. Your customers will be so impressed by your instore expertise that they will tell all their friends - and your pharmacy will become famous for this point-of-difference!
PreviousNextMarketing guru Richard Gee suggests using a pen and notepad and writing down everything the customer is saying, when dealing with a difficult customer.
"This is useful because it generally slows them down, and diffuses anger - they think you are taking them seriously and are more careful about what they say as it is being recorded."
PreviousNextJohn Saywell finds it incredible that there are so few dedicated health sales consultants in NZ pharmacies. "The message this is giving your customers is 'If you want expert advice on health products - go to the health store!'", he says.
PreviousNextThere will never be a return to more profit for dispensing, so it is up to enterprising pharmacies to come up with a strategy for add-on retail services that will generate higher profits and revenue growth, John Saywell says.
PreviousNextEntries close on 31 August for
Focus on Health, the New Zealand Trade and Enterprise-run innovation challenge offering the opportunity to fast-track any health-related idea, product, service or technology to the US health market. Visit
http://www.nzfocusonhealth.com for further information.
PreviousNextBy delivering a superior instore experience retailers can distance themselves from the discounters. Just think of department stores like Smith & Caugheys, Kirkcaldies or Ballantynes and you will immediately understand the different end of the service spectrum that these retailers have chosen to occupy, John Saywell says.
PreviousNextOpen-ended questions - what, when, why, where, which and how - can start a conversation and get your customer to talk about their problems. Closed questions such as did, do, have, can and may will only get yes/no answers and you have to ask another question to get the information you want, marketing guru Richard Gee says.
PreviousNextJust by walking into your store, customers get a clear impression of your company culture from how they are treated (or not treated) by even the most junior sales assistant, John Saywell says.
PreviousNextTamiflu can now be sold without prescription in a pharmacy between the months of May and September inclusive, or for the duration of the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic
PreviousNextModern web-based technology is a critical enabler of more efficient customer-centric retailing.
PreviousNext"Pharmacies cutting costs risk getting into a downward spiral of poor customer service, more out-of-stocks, less attractive premises and fewer promotions," John Saywell says.
PreviousNextDrug interactions – Charles Farthing
Pharmacists should look out for drug interactions and dosage changes while dispensing antiretroviral drugs, Charles Farthing, Asia Pacific regional director of medical affairs for infectious diseases at Merck Sharp & Dohme says.
PreviousNextSimplify your product range – John Saywell
Just stock one product that will satisfy each customer's need, keep it always in stock, and sell what you've got!
PreviousNextJoin the Guild – Grahame Hamblin
"Let us leave the 20th century behind, clean up our act and move on, but we must be united. Join the guild and give it your support, then the guild can up its act, desperately needed, support you better and pharmacy becomes a WIN WIN for all – the public, Government and you," Grahame Hamblin, retired pharmacist says.
PreviousNextInstalment arrangements – Jess Galyer
If you are unable to meet your tax liability you may want to consider entering into an instalment arrangement with IRD. If the arrangement is agreed with the IRD before the due date, the late payment penalty of 1% will be charged; however, no further late penalties will be charged, provide you meet the payments detailed in your instalment arrangement.
PreviousNext
Ask your staff what three products they would use if they had a head cold. You will quickly find there are common combos that should be easy to sell because your staff already believe in them. Apply the same idea to other customer needs, eg, headlice, cold sore, acne, John Saywell says.
PreviousNext Retailers need to find the balance between carrying a big range of products and carrying just a few best-sellers, John Saywell says.
PreviousNextBe positive. Even bad times can ultimately produce positive experiences if we choose to look for them, Clark Bailey from Baileys Health Store, says.
PreviousNextCough and Cold is a power category and should be allocated wall space immediately adjacent to the dispensary counter, Malcolm Scrymgeour, director of the Business Increase Group, says.
PreviousNextPharmacy stands to lose customers who are interested in preventative therapies to health food stores if they do not offer a natural alternative, pharmacist Nicola Johns says.
PreviousNextIf you want your staff to treat your customers with respect, and engage them in a meaningful dialogue in the best interest of your business, then you must first demonstrate these same behaviours, John Saywell says.
PreviousNextEntries for the 2009 Pharmacy Awards close on 17 April and it is not too late to get those entries in, Annette Smith, Pharmacy Awards coordinator, says.
PreviousNextPharmacists can encourage flu injections as they often see patients with respiratory illnesses, Dr Lance Jennings, Christchurch virologist says.
PreviousNext"Pharmacy has a role to play in trying to emphasise that contact lenses are worn as directed," Greg Nel says.
PreviousNextJust before the end of the financial year it is good practice to review your debtors and write off any bad debts, Jess Galyer from Markhams says.
PreviousNextEnsure all staff process credits, refunds and discounts in a uniform way to improve the accuracy of sales figures, John Saywell says.
PreviousNextPharmacists need to unshackle themselves from focusing on dispensing and take on a medicine management role, with a holistic approach to their customers who have chronic conditions and are on long-term medication.
PreviousNext
When identifying forged scripts, pharmacists need to be vigilant in looking out for prescriptions that seem clinically inappropriate (eg multiple benzodiazepines); have unusual or excessive quantities prescribed; have incorrect or unusually high strength medications prescribed; or appear to have photocopier marks, Rose Wall, quality and safety manager from the Ministry of Health says.
PreviousNext
"The single major cause of all out-of-stocks is poor store ordering practices. Both Toniq and LOTS can be set up to automatically prepare suggested orders in a timely fashion that will outperform any human ordering," John Saywell says.
PreviousNext
"The single biggest physical asset in your business is likely to be your inventory. How you manage this asset will ultimately determine how successful your business is," Paul Rickerby from Markhams Christchurch says.
PreviousNext
Go for it and enter the Pharmacy Awards. "Having your project acknowledged in such a way is well worth the effort to submit an entry," 2008 Supreme Award winner Gemma Waterhouse says. Entering is a great way to set goals and provide motivation.
PreviousNext
Communication is key, especially in a large shop like ours. Sometimes it can be hard to see people if they are standing behind shelves so we try to let each other know who has been served and who has not. While customers like fast, friendly service, they don't like to be asked if they need help by four different people so it is important to let the others know who has already been seen to.
PreviousNext
If your pharmacy sells fragrances, keep a little container of fresh coffee beans nearby. If a customer is smelling a few fragrances, sniffing the coffee beans in between testing the fragrances will help to neutralise the nose so it does not become over-powered by all the smells.
Got a great tip:
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
The key to putting up Christmas decorations is to be organised and do little bits at a time. If you leave it all for one afternoon, chances are you will be inundated with customers. Making sure there are enough staff members to cover the floor is also important.
PreviousNext
The 28ml lids from Multichem fit the Fenpaed bottle tops perfectly making it easier for customers to measure doses for their children.
PreviousNext Be happy. Seems simple, but every customer is a new person. Smile when you answer the phone and when you bring out a medicine. It's contagious and hard to argue with.
PreviousNext
We have a "fun day Friday" each week which is great for staff relations. Instead of going out after work, we share a lunch on a Friday. Last week we each brought in a raw vegetable and made rice-paper spring rolls, which were delicious and lots of fun to make together. It boosts morale in the team, and we try and do it on a day when all the staff are present.
PreviousNext Arrive at work with a smile on your face, and smile with your customers throughout the day. They will naturally smile back at you. This is even true when you are on the phone: people can hear when you are smiling and will naturally begin to smile, too.
PreviousNext
Always think outside the square in terms of promotions. The reason our counter sales are up is because we actively go out to bring customers into the store, instead of just serving those already in the shop.
Creativity when it comes to promotions is key.
Got a great tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext Albany Care Chemist is well known for service and caring for the customers. We are even quoted on an Australian motivational selling programme for thinking outside the square. The special rapport with customers stems from the friendliness, going the extra mile, wanting to please the customer, knowing them by name and greeting them in a friendly manner.
We work as a team, support is something we all get behind. Promotions of products are an important aspect of our business. Fun filled site events are talked about for weeks after, and, with having quieter days in winter, Albany Care Chemist is very proactive, be it selling motor mowers and skincare to dessert evenings, turning back time with an anti-ageing product launch with stars in your eyes (Dolly Parton and Cher). It was a team effort, customers and all involved had a memorable time. Got a great tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
It is important to record all "near-misses" so they don't turn into avoidable mistakes. We keep a record of all the near-misses and discuss why they happened and how to stop them from happening at a weekly staff meeting.
Got a great tip? mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
Spend time creating a "favourites" list of all the trustworthy drug information websites on the internet. That way you have the information at your fingertips when you need it.
Got a great tip? mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
The thing I can recommend that's made my life easier is to buy a data logger. It's a thumb sized unit that sits in the fridge and records the temperature. You plug it straight into your PC. A light will flash if the margins you have set are exceeded and you're then able to look up how long the margins were exceeded for, and by how much.
It's an important tool when it comes to decisions of whether or not to biff medications.
Got a tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext Always remember to put the clinicians nutrient support sticker on all prescriptions with antibiotics to help customers, and add-on sales.
PreviousNext
Keep a pair of scissors in the fridge. Our fridge is not located in our dispensary, but we have put a "fridge" label on a pair of scissors and we leave them in the fridge so we always have something to cut the insulin packages with. Saves us walking backwards and forwards to find a pair of scissors!
Got a great tip? mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
Be prepared to become involved in your community. Putting a little back into the community on a regular basis will pay off in the long run as it uplifts the profile of the pharmacy, and increases customer loyalty. We support local schools in the area, even sponsor children for sporting events, and the families do appreciate it and will remain loyal.
Got a great tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
The purpose of a business is to create and keep a customer. Customers buy for their reasons, not yours. Yours is to show expert product knowledge and be able to communicate this to them. Know your products!
Got a great tip:
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext We have made a template that is ready to use to deal with the notification of prescribers when we dispense emergency supplies of medicines to patients in need.
This allows us to contribute to best practice and adds to our efficiency and consistency.
Got a great tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
To achieve great results in shop sales, make sure that you nicely display seasonal related items in your pharmacy hot spot area(s), which is normally around 1.5 meters away from your entrance, to attract and remind customers about their needs during that season.
Got a great tip? mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
To keep patient inconvenience to a minimum, make sure the communication between staff in the dispensary and the shop is up-to-date with respect to out of stock products.
Got a great tip? mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext Put same medicines with different strengths apart (eg inhibace 0.5mg, 2.5mg, 5mg) and put another medicine in between to separate them to avoid picking up the wrong strengths while dispensing.
Got a great tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNextIn the daily battle of ever-changing funded medicines we have a system of always using stickers on these changed medicines to highlight this to customers and reinforce our counselling.
This is particularly effective when a person, other than the patient themselves, collects the medicine. It improves our service by ensuring the message gets relayed.
Got a great tip?
mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
It's important to be involved in your community. Although it's hard to help everyone, little things do help and do get noticed.
We try to give back to the community by donating to schools, sponsoring gala events and giving in-store vouchers to marathon participants.
Got a great tip? Please share it with us. mailto:rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
Always ask the patient to give you their address before handing out medicines.
This simple open-ended question will ensure that you'll give the right medicine to the right patient.
Got a great tip? Please email it to:
rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
We should all do our bit and recycle.
Our pharmacy creates a large amount of paper, plastic, glass and organic waste. Recycling is now quick and easy with new recycling initiatives in most councils. And it's good for the environment too, as recycling just one glass bottle saves enough energy to power a television for 3 hours!
Got a great tip? Please email it to: rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
Something that works really well in our pharmacy is our "Communications book".
Because we all do different shifts to cover the longer hours we are open, it is a great way to communicate policy or proceedure changes, Pharmac information or information just pertaining to the day-to-day running of the pharmacy.
Everyone reads it when they arrive at work and they are kept up to date on the "goings on".
Got a great tip? Please email it to: rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
When thinking about a shop refit, be extremely prepared. Don't leave to tomorrow what can be done today because you'll soon run out of time.
Prepare things like blister packs in advance to save you time when the refit happens.
Got a great tip? Please email it to: rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext Being near to a hospital, there is always confusion surrounding the prescription charges - $15 for a non-community card prescription, $3 with the card, etc.
A good tip is to write up a chart that explains to customers, clearly, what the charges are for. It’s easier to explain the charges if they can see it in black and white.
Got a good tip? Please email it to
rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
Look at reducing your NSS pricing to entice new customers in the door.
Many people shop around for these items and if they choose you, then they will most likely bring all their scripts to you.
Got a great tip? Please email it to rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext We found using clean, unused polystyrene meat trays from the supermarket or Mad Butcher helps to separate our prescription orders and keep the dispensary tidy.
Got a great tip? Please send it to
rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nzPreviousNext
When you’re cutting up the Motilium blister packs, the tablets are arranged in an awkward order to use scissors, but if you look at the pack diagonally, you will see the tablets are organised in groups of 5 diagonally.
It makes it much easier to cut the tablets if you look at the pack diagonally.
Got a great tip? Please email it to rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
When dividing insulin cartridges remember, because there are 30 days in a month and 300 doses in each 3ml insulin cartridge. Therefore 30 times the daily dose divided by 300 equals the number of cartridges used per month. So to calculate just divide the total daily dose by 10 when calculating how many cartridges are required.
Got a great tip? Please email it to rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
An old food processor can be used to dispose a large amount of controlled drugs.
The tablets and capsules take a while to break down in the mortar and pestle, but can be disposed quickly in the processor.
Some water should be added to keep down the dust, and the processor must never be used for food again.
Got a great tip? Please send it to rdewar@pharmacy-today.co.nz
PreviousNext
Use your own formulations.
We have our own chesty cough mixture, dry cough mixture, cold sore cream, mouth ulcer paint, haemorrhoidal ointment, etc.
When a customer comes in offer your personal formulation to them. They can only purchase it from you so need to come back for more.
· It builds customer relations more than anything else
· At the same time it adds extra dollars to your bottom line
· The key is to charge the same price as the proprietary product.
PreviousNext
Click here to close this window
References
Pharmacy Today March 2010
Red eye red flags, page 10
References:
1. Cronin, B., et al., The red eye in contact lens wearers--a high risk presentation. Australian Family Physician, 2007. 36(10): p. 831-2.
2. Keay, L., et al., Signs, symptoms, and comorbidities in contact lens-related microbial keratitis. Optometry & Vision Science, 2009. 86(7): p. 803-9.
3. Dart, J.K., et al., Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis and treatment update 2009. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009. 148(4): p. 487-499.e2.
4. Anonymous. Patient information. [cited 2010 10 Feb]; Available from: http://www.contactlens.org.nz/qanda.htm.
5. Anonymous. Contact lens care. [cited 2010 10 Feb]; Available from: http://www.college-optometrists.org/index.aspx/pcms/site.
Public_Related_Links.Contact_Lenses.Contact_Lenses_home/.
6. Gutteridge, I.F., et al., Acute anterior uveitis in primary care. Clinical & Experimental Optometry, 2007. 90(2): p. 70-82.
7. Okhravi, N., et al., Scleritis. Survey of Ophthalmology, 2005. 50(4): p. 351-63.
8. Vairaktaris, E., et al., Orbital cellulitis, orbital subperiosteal and intraorbital abscess: report of three cases and review of the literature.
Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, 2009. 37(3): p. 132-6.
9. Varma, D., et al., A case series on chronic canaliculitis. Orbit, 2005. 24(1): p. 11-4.
10. Wirbelauer, C., Management of the red eye for the primary care physician. The American Journal of Medicine, 2006. 119(4): p. 302-306.
11. Elton, M., Conjunctivitis and chloramphenicol. The Pharmaceutical Journal, 2005. 274: p. 725-728.
Continuing Education – An unwelcome visitor, page 34
References:
1. Torres G. Herpes Simplex E-medicine (www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1132351-overview)2. Skin: Cold sores Healthcare Handbook 2009. CMP Media
3. Herpes simplex (cold sores) Dermnet NZ (www.dermnetnz.org/viral/herpes-simplex.html )
4. Cold sores. Pharmacy live (http://www.pharmacylive.co.nz/common-conditions-detail?cid=E0B74145-E90F-4B09-BB0A-7632BD738E7E)
Clinical Pharmacy – Battle of the heavy weights: care after bariatric surgery, pages 35–38
References:
1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. New Zealand Health Data. http://www.oecd.org/. Accessed January 2010.
2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. http://www.aihw.gov.au/international/oecd/oecd_health_data_2009.cfm. Accessed January 2010.
3. Ministry of Health. 2008. A Portrait of Health. Key Results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Accessed from: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/7601/$File/portrait-of-health-june08.pdf
4. Ministry of Social Development. The Social Report 2008. Wellington.
5. New Zealand Guidelines Group. The Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk. Wellington. 2003. http://www.nzgg.org.nz/guidelines/0035/CVD_Risk_Full.pdf. Accessed January 2010.
6. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:1724-1737.
7. Fontaine K, Redden D and Wang C et al. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA. 2003;289:187-93.
8. James W, Chen C and Inoue S. Appropriate Asian body mass indices? Obesity Review. 2002;3:139-45.
9. WHO expert consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157-163.
10. http://www.letsbeatdiabetes.org.nz. Accessed January 2010.
11. Bariatric. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bariatric. Unabridged (v 1.1). Accessed January 2010.
12. Colquitt J, Clegg A, Loveman E et al. Surgery for morbid obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;19(4):CD003641.
13. http://www.nzobesitysurgery.co.nz/weight.html#Why%20Resort%20to%20Surgery. Accessed January 2010.
14. Macgregor A and Boggs L. Drug disposition in obesity and following bariatric surgery: a literature review. Obes Surg. 1996;6:17-27.
15. Malone M. Altered drug disposition in obesity and after bariatric surgery. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003;18:131-135.
16. Malone M and Alger-Mayer S. Medication use patterns after gastric bypass surgery for weight management. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(4):637-42.
17. Medsafe datasheet. www.medsafe.govt.nz . Sporanox. Updated September 2008. Accessed January 2010.
18. Clarence J. Surgical aspects of duodenal ulcer. Am J Gastronterol. 2008;22(2):126-35.
19. Decker G, Swain J, Crowell M et al. Gastrointestinal and nutritional complications after bariatric surgery. Am J Gastronterol. 2007;102:2571-80.
20. Sakhaee K, Bhuket T, Adams-Huet B, et al. Meta-analysis of calcium bioavailability: a comparison of calcium citrate with calcium carbonate. Am J Ther. 1999;6(6):313-321.
21. Recker R. Calcium absorption and achlorhydria. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:70-3.
22. Brolin R, Gorman J, Gorman R, et al. Are vitamin B12 and folate deficiency clinically important after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass? J Gastrointest Surg. 1998 ;2:436-442.
23. Miller A and Smith K. Medication and nutrient administration considerations after bariatric surgery. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2006;63(1):1852-7.
24. Mehanna H, Moledina J and Travis J. Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it. BMJ. 2008;336:1495-8.
25. Dixon J, Anderson M, Cameron-Smith D et al. Sustained weight loss in obese subjects has benefits that are independent of attained weight. Obes Res. 2004;12:1895-902.
26. Rodieux F, Giusti V, D’Alessio D et al. Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity. 2008;6(2):298-305.
27. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrback K et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009;122:248-56.
Natural Health – Recent studies on echinacea, page 39
References:
1. Brazier NC, Levine MA. Am J Ther 10(3):163-169, May-Jun 2003.
2. Rasmussen PL, Herb Drug Interactions. Pharmacy Today, February 2004.
3. Venkataramanan R et al, Life Sci 78(18):2105-2115, Mar 27, 2006.
4. Budzinski JW et al, Phytomedicine 7(4):273-282, Jul 2000.
5. Strandell J et al, Phytomedicine 11(2-3):98-104, Feb 2004.
6. Gorski JC et al, Clin Pharmacol Ther 75(1):89-100, Jan 2004
7. Yale SH, Glurich I. J Altern Complement Med 11(3):433-439, Jun 2005.
8. Hansen TS, Nilsen OG. Phytother Res 23(1):86-91, Jan 2009.
9. Gurley BJ et al, Clin Pharmacol Ther 76(5):428-440, Nov 2004.
10. Gurley BJ et al, Mol Nutr Food Res 52(7):772-779, Jul 2008.
11. Modarai M et al, J Pharm Pharmacol 59:567-573, 2007.
12. Dietz B et al, Planta Med 67(9):863-864, Dec 2001.
13. Jager H et al, Planta Med 68(5):469-471, May 2002.
14. Stevenson LM et al, Molecules 10(10):1279-1285, Oct 31, 2005
15. Modarai M et al, Planta Med 75:1-8, 2009.
16. Modarai M et al, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med Nov 11, 2009 (epub ahead of print)
17. Rasmussen B et al, Planta Med 72:556-563, 2006.
18. Hewitt NJ et al, Xenobiotica 37:1196-1224, 2007.
19. Engdal S et al, Integr Cancer Ther 8(1):29-36, Mar 2009.
20. Van den Bout-van den Beukel CJ et al, Drug Metab Rev 38(3):477-514, 2006.
21. Lee LS et al, Clin Infect Dis 43(8):1052-1059, Oct 15, 2006.
Pharmacy Today February 2010
It's all about use, page 10
References:1. Modernising Medicines Management: A guide to achieving benefits for patients, professionals and the NHS. National Prescribing Centre 2002: www.npc.co.uk/npc_pubs_mmm.htm
2. Central Pharmacy. The Region-Wide “Safe & Efficient Disposal of Unused Medicines” Project 12 Month Report, 1 April 2008 - 31 March 2009.
3. District Health Boards New Zealand Pharmacy Advisory Group. New Zealand National Pharmacist Services Framework, Version One. 2007: www.dhbnz.org.nz/Site/SIG/NPSF/NPSF-Framework.aspx
4. Howard RL, Avery AJ, Slavenburg S, et al. Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 63: 136-47.
Continuing Education – The burning question, page 28
References:
1. CMP Media Healthcare Handbook 2009
2. Sunsmart NZ www.sunsmart.org.nz [Accessed 11 December 2009]
3. Derment NZ www.dermnet.org.nz [Accessed 11 December 2009]
4. Melanoma Research Foundation www.melanoma.org [Accessed 11 December 2009]
5. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research www.niwa.co.nz [Accessed 11 December 2009]
6. Cancer Society of NZ www.cancernz.org.nz [Accessed 11 December 2009]
Clinical Pharmacy – Emerging therapies for Alzheimer's disease, pages 37–39
References:
1. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the US population: Prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Arch Neurol 2003, Aug;60(8):1119-22.
2. Chappell NL, Reid RC. Burden and well-being among caregivers: Examining the distinction. Gerontologist 2002, Dec;42(6):772-80.
3. Cummings JL. Drug therapy - Alzheimer's disease. NEJM 2004, Jul 1;351(1):56-67.
4. Effects of rivastigmine treatment on the psychiatric and behavioral disturbances of nursing home residents with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (final results); Int Psychogeriat. 2003.
5. Mega MS, Cummings JL, Fiorello T, Gornbein J. The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996, Jan;46(1):130-5.
6. Folin M, Baiguera S, Conconi MT, Di Liddo R, De Carlo E, Parnigotto PP, Nussdorfer GG. Apolipoprotein E as vascular risk factor in neurodegenerative dementia. Int J Mol Med 2004;14(4):609-13.
7. Holmquist L, Stuchbury G, Berbaum K, Muscat S, Young S, Hager K, et al. Lipoic acid as a novel treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Pharmacol Ther 2007, Jan;113(1):154-64.
8. Nagait, McGeer PL, Peng JH, McGeer EG, Dolman CE. Choline-acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry in brains of Alzheimer’s-disease patients and controls. Neurosci Lett 1983;36(2):195-9.
9. Battistin L, Freo U, Pizzolato G, Dam M, Ori C. A short review of cognitive and functional neuroimaging studies of cholinergic drugs: Implications for therapeutic potentials. Journal of Neural Transmission 2002, May;109(109):857-70.
10. Pfizer New Zealand Ltd. Aricept® Data Sheet. April 2, 2007; Auckland, New Zealand.
11. Novartis New Zealand Ltd. Exelon® Data Sheet. June 8, 2008; Auckland, New Zealand.
12. Masson P, Carletti E, Nachon F. Structure, activities and biomedical applications of human butyrylcholinesterase. Protein and Peptide Letters 2009;16(10):1215-24.
13. Janssen-Cilag New Zealand Ltd. Reminyl® Data Sheet. July 11, 2008; Auckland, New Zealand.
14. Pola R, Flex A, Ciaburri M, Rovella E, Valiani A, Reali G, et al. Responsiveness to cholinesterase inhibitors in alzheimer's disease: A possible role for the 192 Q/R polymorphism of the PON-1 gene. Neurosci Lett 2005, Jul 15;382(3):338-41.
15. Pharmacy Retailing (NZ) Ltd t/a Healthcare Logistics. Ebixa® Data Sheet. June 25, 2009; Auckland, New Zealand.
16. Calabrese P, Essner U, Forstl H. Memantine (Ebixa®) in clinical practice - results of an observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disor 2007;24(2):111-7.
17. Bilska A, Wlodek L. Lipoic acid-the drug of the future. Pharmacol Rep 2005;57(5):570-7.
18. Kirubakaran S, Maczurek A, Young S, Münch G. Α-Lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy and alzheimer's disease. Intl J Biomed Pharma Sci 2007;1(2):105-11.
19. Roy S, Packer L. Redox regulation of cell functions by alpha-lipoate: Biochemical and molecular aspects. Biofactors 1998;8(1-2):17-21.
20. Kagan VE, Shvedova A, Serbinova E, Khan S, Swanson C, Powell R, Packer L. Dihydrolipoic acid--a universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase.
Reduction of peroxyl, ascorbyl and chromanoxyl radicals. Biochem Pharmacol 1992, Oct 20;44(8):1637-49.
21. Haugaard N, Levin RM. Regulation of the activity of choline acetyl transferase by lipoic acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2000, Oct;213(1-2):61-3.
22. Haugaard N, Levin RM. Activation of choline acetyl transferase by dihydrolipoic acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2002, Jan;229(1-2):103-6.
23. Kalaria RN, Harik SI. Reduced glucose transporter at the blood-brain barrier and in cerebral-cortex in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 1989, Oct;53(4):1083-8.
24. Cornejo VE, Cabello JF, Colombo MC, Raimann EB. [Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency síndrome (GLUT-1 SD) treated with ketogenic diet. Report of one case]. Rev Med Chil 2007, May;135(5):631-5.
25. Gordon N, Newton RW. Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT-1) deficiency. Brain Dev 2003, Oct;25(7):477-80.
26. Bush AI. Metal complexing agents as therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2002;23(6):1031-8.
27. Huang X, Atwood CS, Hartshorn MA, Multhaup G, Goldstein LE, Scarpa RC, et al. The A beta peptide of Alzheimer’s disease directly produces hydrogen peroxide through metal ion reduction. Biochemistry 1999, Jun 15;38(24):7609-16.
28. Fonte J, Miklossy J, Atwood C, Martins R. The severity of cortical Alzheimer’s type changes is positively correlated with increased amyloid-beta levels: Resolubilization of amyloid-beta with transition metal ion chelators. J Alzheimers Dis 2001, Apr;3(2):209-19.
29. Suh JH, Moreau R, Heath SHD, Hagen TM. Dietary supplementation with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid reverses the age-related accumulation of iron and depletion of antioxidants in the rat cerebral cortex. REDOX REPORT 2005;10(1):52-60.
30. Suh JH, Zhu BZ, DeSzoeke E, Frei B, Hagen TM. Dihydrolipoic acid lowers the redox activity of transition metal ions but does not remove them from the active site of enzymes. REDOX REPORT 2004;9(1):57-61.
31. Bigelow DJ, Squier TC. Redox modulation of cellular signalling and metabolism through reversible oxidation of methionine sensors in calcium regulatory proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005, Jan 17;1703(2):121-34.
32. Sen CK. Cellular thiols and redox-regulated signal transduction. Curr Top Cell Regul 2000;36:1-30
33. Sen CK, Packer L. Thiol homeostasis and supplements in physical exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, Aug;72(2 Suppl):653S-69S.
34. Han D, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. Α-Lipoic acid increases intracellular glutathione in a human t-lymphocyte jurkat cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;207(1):258-64
35. Liu Q, Raina AK, Smith MA, Sayre LM, Perry G. Hydroxynonenal, toxic carbonyls, and Alzheimer disease. Mol Aspects Med 2003;24(4-5):305-13.
36. Arivazhagan P, Ramanathan K, Panneerselvam C. Effect of dl-alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione metabolic enzymes in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2001, Dec;37(1):81-7.
37. Gasic-Milenkovic J, Loske C, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts cause lipid peroxidation in the human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y. J Alzheimers Dis 2003, Feb;5(1):25-30.
38. Hager K, Marahrens A, Kenklies M, Riederer P, Münch G. Alpha-Lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer type dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001, Jun;32(3):275-82.
39. Hager K, Kenklies M, McAfoose J, Engel J, Münch G. A-Lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease--a 48 months follow-up analysis. J Neural Transm 2007;72:189-93.
Natural Health – Diuretic effects of dandelion leaf, page 39
References:
1. Bensky D et al, Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica. Rev. Ed. Seattle, WA: Eastland Press, 1992.
2. Nadkarni KM, Nadkarni AK. Indian Materia Medica. 3rd ed. Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1955.
3. Racz-Kotilla E et al, Planta Med 26(3):212-217, Nov 1974.
4. Clare BA et al, J Altern Complement Med 15(8):929-934, 2009.
5. http://www.oregonswildharvest.com/owh/browse/product/dandelion_leaf_extract
6. Muller HL et al, Das Wirtshaftseigene Fuller 18:213-221,1972.
7. Hook I et al, Int J Pharmacog 31:29-34, 1993.
Pharmacy Today December 2009
Continuing Education – Contraception choices, page 25
References:
1. Condoms and sexually transmitted diseases brochure. US FDA, Silver spring,
MD 2009 http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/byAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm126372.htm [Accessed 15/10/09]
2. Contraception www.everybody.co.nz [Accessed 18/10/09]
3. Contraception barrier methods www.pharmacylive.co.nz [Accessed 18/10/09]
4. Healthcare Handbook 2009. CMP Media
5. NZ Pharmaceutical Schedule, October 2009 Wellington, NZ http://www.pharmac.govt.nz [Accessed 15/10/09]
6. MIMS New Ethicals June 09
Clinical Pharmacy – Acute coronary syndrome – medicines overload, pages 27-29
References:
1. Ministry of Health. Mortality and Demographic Data 2005. Wellington: Ministry of Health; 2009.
2. Spinler SA, de Denus S. Acute Coronary Syndromes. In: Chishlom-Burns MA, Wells BG, Schwinghammer TL,
Malone PM, Kolesar JM, Rotschafer JC, et al., editors. Pharmacotherapy principles & practice. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008. p. 83-105.
3. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation,
And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285(19):2486-97.
4. Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age.
Circulation 2006;113(6):791-8.
5. Scott DK, Dwight J. Coronary Heart Disease. In: Walker R, Whittlesea C, editors. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
6. New Zealand Guidelines Group. New Zealand Cardiovascular Guidelines Handbook: A summary resource for primary care practitioners. Wellington: New Zealand Guidelines Group; 2009.
7. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With
Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography
and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency
Medicine. Circulation 2007;116(7):e148-304.
8. Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2007;28(13):1598-660.
9. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction; A report of the American College of
Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(3):E1-E211.
10. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, et al. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction:
a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society
endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients
With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee. Circulation 2008;117(2):296-329.
11. Trenk D. Proton pump inhibitors for prevention of bleeding episodes in cardiac patients with dual antiplatelet therapy - between Scylla and Charybdis? Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;47(1):1-10.
12. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(1):CD002003.
13. MacKinnon M, Shurraw S, Akbari A, et al. Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease:
a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48(1):8-20.
14. Lakhdar R, Al-Mallah MH, Lanfear DE. Safety and tolerability of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor versus the combination of angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Card Fail 2008;14(3):181-8.
15. Phillips CO, Kashani A, Ko DK, et al. Adverse effects of combination angiotensin II receptor blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for left ventricular dysfunction:
a quantitative review of data from randomized clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(18):1930-6.
16. Shafiq N, Malhotra S, Pandhi P, Grover A. The "Statinth" wonder of the world: a panacea for all illnesses or a bubble about to burst. J Negat Results Biomed 2005;4:3.
17. Law M, Rudnicka AR. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(8A):52C-60C.
18. Marcoff L, Thompson PD. The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49(23):2231-7.
Natural Health – Different uses for different ginsengs, page 30
References:
1. Rasmussen PL, Phytonews 15, Phytomed Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland New Zealand, ISSN 1175-0251, March 2003
2. Ng TB. J Pharm Pharmacol 58(8):1007-1019, Aug 2006.
3. Chen X et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD006305, Oct 8, 2008.
4. Christensen LP, Adv Food Nutr Res 55:1-99, 2009.
5. Popovich DG, Kitts DD. Phytochemistry 65(3):337-344, Feb 2004.
6. Chen CF et al, Acta Pharmacol Sin 29(9):1103-1108, Sept 2008.
7. Lau AJ et al, J Ethnopharmacol 125(3):380-386, Sept 25, 2009.
8. Wan JB et al, J Sep Sci 30(6):825-832, Apr 2007.
9. Ng TB et al, J Ethnopharmacol 93(2-3):285-288, Aug 2004.
10. Chen FD et al, Am J Chin Med 29(3-4):517-524, 2001.
11. Li JX et al, Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 3(2):123-127, Mar 2005.
12. Wang W et al, Br J Cancer 98(4):792-802, Feb 26, 2008.
13. Wang W et al, Lung Cancer 65(3):306-311, Sept 2009.
14. Bi X et al, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Apr 27, 2009 (epub ahead of print)
15. Wang CZ et al, Phytother Res 23(1):6-13, Jan 2009.
16. Wang CZ et al, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 60(1):69-79, Jun 2007.
17. Wang CZ et al, Int J Oncol 31(5):1149-1156, Nov 2007.
18. Tong CN et al, Yakugaku 112(11):856-865, 1992.
19. Gao R et al, Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 19(1):17-19, 1999.
20. Duda RB et al, J Surg Oncol 72(4):230-239, 1999.
Pharmacy Today November 2009
Continuing Education – Helping people quit, page 35
References:
1. The Quitgroup Te Roopu me Mutu (Quitline) www.quit.org.nz [Accessed 4 September 2009]
2. Te Hotu Manawa Maori www.tehotumanawa.org.nz [Accessed 4 September 2009]
3. AukatiKaiPaipa www.aukatikaipaipa.co.nz [Accessed 4 September 2009]
4. McRobbie H. Smoking cessation for Maori. BPAC NZ July 2009
http://www.bpac.org.nz/magazine/2009/july/smoking.asp [Accessed 4 September 2009]
5. NZ Smoking Cessation Guidelines www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/nz-smoking-cessation-guidelines
6. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008;3
7. Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 guideline update. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. Available from URL: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/
8. Cahill K, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;1
9. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) Implementation information for Pharmacists http://www.pharmac.govt.nz/2009/08/21/Pharmacist%20instructions%20sheet.pdf [Accessed 4 September 2009]
Clinical Pharmacy – Intestinal drug absorption and drug–drug interaction, pages 47–48
References:
1. Werle M, Hoffer M. Glutathione and thiolated chitosan inhibit multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity in excised small intestine. J Control Release. 2006 Mar 10;111(1-2):41-6.
2. Li J, Hidalgo IJ. Molecular modeling study of structural requirements for the oligopeptide transporter. J Drug Target. 1996;4(1):9-17.
3. Breitkreutz J. Prediction of intestinal drug absorption properties by three-dimensional solubility parameters. Pharm Res. 1998 Sep;15(9):1370-5.
4. Sugawara M, Takekuma Y, Yamada H, Kobayashi M, Iseki K, Miyazaki K. A general approach for the prediction of the intestinal absorption of drugs: regression analysis using the physicochemical properties and drug-membrane electrostatic interaction. J Pharm Sci. 1998 Aug;87(8):960-6.
5. Bourlioux P, Koletzko B, Guarner F, Braesco V. The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on the Danone Symposium "The Intelligent Intestine," held in Paris, June 14, 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):675-83.
6. Hunter J, Hirst BH. Intestinal secretion of drugs. The role of P-glycoprotein and related drug efflux systems in limiting oral drug absorption. Adv Drug Del Rev. 1997;25:129-57.
7. Nellans HN. Intestinal calcium absorption. Interplay of paracellular and cellular pathways. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1990;16(2-3):101-8.
8. Artursson P, Palm K, Luthman K. Caco-2 monolayers in experimental and theoretical predictions of drug transport. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001 Mar 1;46(1-3):27-43.
9. Tsai TH, Lee CH, Yeh PH. Effect of P-glycoprotein modulators on the pharmacokinetics of camptothecin using microdialysis. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov;134(6):1245-52.
10. Daugherty AL, Mrsny RJ. Transcellular uptake mechanisms of the intestinal epithelial barrier Part one. Pharm Sci Technolo Today. 1999 Apr;4(2):144-51.
11. Griffin JP. Drug interactions occurring during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacol Ther. 1981;15(1):79-88.
12. Kitazawa S, Ito H, Sezaki H. Segmental difference in transmucosal fluid movement and glucose effect on drug absorption from rat gastrointestinal tract. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1977 Jan;25(1):19-28.
13. Yamamoto A, Utsumi E, Sakane T, Hamaura T, Nakamura J, Hashida M, et al. Immunological control of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract: the mechanism whereby intestinal anaphylaxis interferes with the intestinal absorption of bromthymol blue in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1986 May;38(5):357-62.
14. Masaoka Y, Tanaka Y, Kataoka M, Sakuma S, Yamashita S. Site of drug absorption after oral administration: assessment of membrane permeability and luminal concentration of drugs in each segment of gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 Nov;29(3-4):240-50.
15. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. Influence of the semisynthetic bile acid (MKC) on the ileal permeation of gliclazide in healthy and diabetic rats. Pharmacological Reports. 2008, 2008;60(4):532-41.
16. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. Probiotic treatment reduces blood glucose levels and increases systemic absorption of gliclazide in diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2008;33(2):101-6.
17. Grant JP. Anatomy and physiology of the luminal gut: enteral access implications. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006 Jan-Feb;30(1 Suppl):S41-6.
18. Samuel BU, Indersingh I, Chandi G, John TJ. Microscopic anatomy of small intestine of Macaca radiata with special reference to gut associated lymphoid tissue. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992 Jun;30(6):474-7.
19. Chan LM, Lowes S, Hirst BH. The ABCs of drug transport in intestine and liver: efflux proteins limiting drug absorption and bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Jan;21(1):25-51.
20. Evers R, Kool M, van Deemter L, Janssen H, Calafat J, Oomen LC, et al. Drug export activity of the human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter in polarized kidney MDCK cells expressing cMOAT (MRP2) cDNA. J Clin Invest. 1998 Apr 1;101(7):1310-9.
21. Fromm M, Kauffamnn H, Fritz P, Burk O, Kroemer H, Warzok R, et al. The effect of rifampin treatment on intestinal expression of human MRP transporters. Am J Pathol. 2000;157(5):1575 - 80.
22. Scheffer GL, Kool M, Heijn M, de Haas M, Pijnenborg AC, Wijnholds J, et al. Specific detection of multidrug resistance proteins MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP5, and MDR3 P-glycoprotein with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res. 2000 Sep 15;60(18):5269-77.
23. Lemos C, Kathmann I, Giovannetti E, Belien JA, Scheffer GL, Calhau C, et al. Cellular folate status modulates the expression of BCRP and MRP multidrug transporters in cancer cell lines from different origins. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Mar;8(3):655-64.
24. Khodadadian M, Leroux ME, Auzenne E, Ghosh SC, Farquhar D, Evans R, et al. MRP- and BCL-2-mediated drug resistance in human SCLC: Effects of apoptotic sphingolipids in vitro. Lung Cancer. 2009 Feb 3.
25. Huang WT, Huang CC, Weng SW, Eng HL. Expression of the multidrug resistance protein MRP and the lung-resistance protein LRP in nasal NK/T cell lymphoma: further exploring the role of P53 and WT1 gene. Pathology. 2009 Feb;41(2):127-32.
26. Dzioba-Winogrodzki J, Winogrodzki O, Krulwich TA, Boin MA, Hase CC, Dibrov P. The Vibrio cholerae Mrp system: cation/proton antiport properties and enhancement of bile salt resistance in a heterologous host. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;16(3-4):176-86.
27. Gutmann H, Hruz P, Zimmermann C, Straumann A, Terracciano L, Hammann F, et al. Breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein expression in patients with newly diagnosed and therapy-refractory ulcerative colitis compared with healthy controls. Digestion. 2008;78(2-3):154-62.
28. Mao Q, Unadkat JD. Role of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) in drug transport. AAPS J. 2005;7(1):E118-33.
29. Al-Salami H, Grant Butt, Ian Tucker, Mikov M. The influence of probiotics pre-treatment, on the ileal permeation of gliclazide, in healthy and diabetic rats. The archives of drug information. 2008 July;1(1):35-41.
30. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. The influence of the symisynthetic bile acids, MKC on gliclazide PKs and glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats after pre-treatment with probiotics. Med Hypothes and Res. 2008;4(2):1-9.
31. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Fawcett PJ, Golocorbin-Kon S, Mikov I, et al. Gliclazide reduces MKC intestinal transport in healthy but not diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009 Jan-Mar;34(1):43-50.
32. Barbet JL, Snook T, Gay JM, Mealey KL. ABCB1-1 Delta (MDR1-1 Delta) genotype is associated with adverse reactions in dogs treated with milbemycin oxime for generalized demodicosis. Vet Dermatol. 2009 Apr;20(2):111-4.
33. Woodahl EL, Crouthamel MH, Bui T, Shen DD, Ho RJ. MDR1 (ABCB1) G1199A (Ser400Asn) polymorphism alters transepithelial permeability and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 4.
34. Glavinas H, Krajcsi P, Cserepes J, Sarkadi B. The role of ABC transporters in drug resistance, metabolism and toxicity. Curr Drug Deliv. 2004 Jan;1(1):27-42.
35. Huang Y, Sadee W. Membrane transporters and channels in chemoresistance and -sensitivity of tumor cells. Cancer Lett. 2005 Sep 15.
36. Seelig A. A general pattern for substrate recognition by P-glycoprotein. Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):252-61.
37. Raub T. P-glycoprotein recognition of substrates and circumvention through rational drug design. Mol Pharmaceut. 2005;3(1):3 - 25.
38. Fromm MF, Kauffmann HM, Fritz P, Burk O, Kroemer HK, Warzok RW, et al. The effect of rifampin treatment on intestinal expression of human MRP transporters. Am J Pathol. 2000 Nov;157(5):1575-80.
39. Kruh GD. Introduction to resistance to anticancer agents. Oncogene. 2003 Oct 20;22(47):7262-4.
40. Hopper-Borge E, Chen ZS, Shchaveleva I, Belinsky MG, Kruh GD. Analysis of the drug resistance profile of multidrug resistance protein 7 (ABCC10): resistance to docetaxel. Cancer Res. 2004 Jul 15;64(14):4927-30.
41. Kruh GD, Zeng H, Rea PA, Liu G, Chen ZS, Lee K, et al. MRP subfamily transporters and resistance to anticancer agents. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2001 Dec;33(6):493-501.
42. Pauli-Megnus M, Meier P. Hepatobiliary transporters and drug-induced cholestasis. Hepatology. 2006;44:778 - 87.
43. Sakamoto S, Suzuki H, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Efflux mechanism of taurocholate across the rat intestinal basolateral membrane. Mol Pharm. 2006 May-Jun;3(3):275-81.
44. Sato H, Kusel JR, Thornhill J. Excretion of fluorescent substrates of mammalian multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in the Schistosoma mansoni excretory system. Parasitology. 2004 Jan;128(Pt 1):43-52.
45. Murphy A, Sunohara JR, Sundaram M, Ridgway ND, McMaster CR, Cook HW, et al. Induction of protein kinase C substrates, Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and MARCKS-related protein (MRP), by amyloid beta-protein in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Aug 14;347(1):9-12.
46. Zelcer N, Reid G, Wielinga P, Kuil A, van der Heijden I, Schuetz JD, et al. Steroid and bile acid conjugates are substrates of human multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) 4 (ATP-binding cassette C4). Biochem J. 2003 Apr 15;371(Pt 2):361-7.
47. McNamara RK, Lenox RH. Distribution of the protein kinase C substrates MARCKS and MRP in the postnatal developing rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 1998 Aug 3;397(3):337-56.
48. Konig J, Nies AT, Cui Y, Leier I, Keppler D. Conjugate export pumps of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family: localization, substrate specificity, and MRP2-mediated drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Dec 6;1461(2):377-94.
49. Bodo A, Bakos E, Szeri F, Va´ radi A, Sarkadi B. Differential modulation of the human liver conjugate transporters MRP2 and MRP3 by bile acids and organic anions. J Bio Chem. 2003;278(26):23529 - 37.
50. Al-Salami P9 H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. Influence of the semisynthetic bile acid MKC on the ileal permeation of gliclazide in vitro in healthy and diabetic rats treated with probiotics. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2008 April;30(2):1-7.
51. Kirby BJ, Unadkat JD. Grapefruit juice, a glass full of drug interactions? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 May;81(5):631-3.
52. Asamoto Y, Tazuma S, Ochi H, Chayama K, Suzuki H. Bile-salt hydrophobicity is a key factor regulating rat liver plasma-membrane communication: relation to bilayer structure, fluidity and transporter expression and function. Biochem J. 2001 Nov 1;359(Pt 3):605-10.
53. Eloranta JJ, Kullak-Ublick GA. Coordinate transcriptional regulation of bile acid homeostasis and drug metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005 Jan 15;433(2):397-412.
54. Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M, Trauner M. Role of nuclear receptors in the adaptive response to bile acids and cholestasis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. Mol Pharm. 2006 May-Jun;3(3):231-51.
55. St-Pierre MV, Kullak-Ublick GA, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ. Transport of bile acids in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. J Exp Biol. 2001 May;204(Pt 10):1673-86.
56. St-Pierre MV, Serrano MA, Macias RI, Dubs U, Hoechli M, Lauper U, et al. Expression of members of the multidrug resistance protein family in human term placenta. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000 Oct;279(4):R1495-503.
57. Ballatori N, Christian WV, Lee JY, Dawson PA, Soroka CJ, Boyer JL, et al. OSTalpha-OSTbeta: a major basolateral bile acid and steroid transporter in human intestinal, renal, and biliary epithelia. Hepatology. 2005 Dec;42(6):1270-9.
58. Ballatori N, Hammond CL, Cunningham JB, Krance SM, Marchan R. Molecular mechanisms of reduced glutathione transport: role of the MRP/CFTR/ABCC and OATP/SLC21A families of membrane proteins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 May 1;204(3):238-55.
59. Houten S, Watanabe M, Auwerx J. Endocrine functions of bile acids. The EMBO Journal. 2006;25:1419 - 25.
60. Belinsky MG, Bain LJ, Balsara BB, Testa JR, Kruh GD. Characterization of MOAT-C and MOAT-D, new members of the MRP/cMOAT subfamily of transporter proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Nov 18;90(22):1735-41.
61. Borst P, Evers R, Kool M, Wijnholds J. A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Aug 16;92(16):1295-302.
62. Bodo A, Bakos E, Szeri F, Varadi A, Sarkadi B. Differential modulation of the human liver conjugate transporters MRP2 and MRP3 by bile acids and organic anions. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 27;278(26):23529-37.
63. Borst P, Elferink RO. Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002;71:537-92.
64. Dietrich CG, Geier A, Oude Elferink RP. ABC of oral bioavailability: transporters as gatekeepers in the gut. Gut. 2003 Dec;52(12):1788-95.
65. Shiau MY, Tsai ST, Tsai KJ, Haung ML, Hsu YT, Chang YH. Increased circulatory MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and activities in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006 Nov;73(7):1024-8.
66. Golstein P, Boom A, Geffel J, Jacobs P, Masereel B, Beauwens R. P-glycoprotein inhibition by glibenclamide and related compounds. Eur J Physio. 1999;437:652 - 60.
67. Gedeon C, Behravan J, Koren G, Piquette-Miller M. Transport of glyburide by placental ABC transporters: implications in fetal drug exposure. Placenta. 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1096-102.
68. Pang KS. Modeling of intestinal drug absorption: roles of transporters and metabolic enzymes (for the Gillette Review Series). Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Dec;31(12):1507-19.
69. Kim KA, Park JY. Inhibitory effect of glyburide on human cytochrome p450 isoforms in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Sep;31(9):1090-2.
70. Dokoumetzidis A, Kalantzi L, Fotaki N. Predictive models for oral drug absorption: from in silico methods to integrated dynamical models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2007 Aug;3(4):491-505.
71. Acra SA, Ghishan FK. Methods of investigating intestinal transport. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1991 May-Jun;15(3):93S-8S.
72. Mehvar R, Zhang X. Development and application of an isolated perfused rat liver model to study the stimulation and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production ex vivo. Pharm Res. 2002 Jan;19(1):47-53.
73. Lucas ML. Amendments to the theory underlying Ussing chamber data of chloride ion secretion after bacterial enterotoxin exposure. J Theor Biol. 2005 May 7;234(1):21-37.
74. Bhardwaj RK, Herrera-Ruiz D, Sinko PJ, Gudmundsson OS, Knipp G. Delineation of human peptide transporter 1 (hPepT1)-mediated uptake and transport of substrates with varying transporter affinities utilizing stably transfected hPepT1/Madin-Darby canine kidney clones and Caco-2 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Sep;314(3):1093-100.
75. Hirakata Y, Finlay BB, Simpson DA, Kohno S, Kamihira S, Speert DP. Penetration of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through MDCK epithelial cell monolayers. J Infect Dis. 2000 Feb;181(2):765-9.
76. Cherrington NJ, Slitt AL, Li N, Klaassen CD. Lipopolysaccharide-mediated regulation of hepatic transporter mRNA levels in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Jul;32(7):734-41.
77. Nies AT, Konig J, Pfannschmidt M, Klar E, Hofmann WJ, Keppler D. Expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MRP2 and MRP3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2001 Nov;94(4):492-9.
Natural Health – Comfrey ointment for back pain, page 49
References:
1. Kucera M et al. Adv Ther 17(4):204-10, 2000.
2. Koll R, Klingenburg S. Fortsch Med Orig 120(1):1-9, 2002.
3. Koll R et al. Phytomedicine,11(6):470, Sept 2004
4. Predel H.G. et al, Phytomedicine 12(10):707-715, Nov 2005.
5. Giannetti BM et al, Br J Sports Med May 21, 2009 (epub ahead of print)
Pharmacy Today October 2009
Continuing Education – Eczema – triggers and treatments, page 31
References:
1. British Association of Dermatologists. Patient information leaflet. April 2009 www.bad.org.uk [Accessed 26/08/09]
2. Atopic dermatitis http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/atopic.html [Accessed 26/08/09]
3. Eczema www.everybody.co.nz [Accessed 26/08/09]
4. Dermatitis/Eczema www.pharmacylive.co.nz [Accessed 26/08/09]
Clinical Pharmacy – Benefits of antioxidants in Cystic Fibrosis patients, pages 37-38
References:
1. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. New data show CF patients living longer. Available at www.cff.org. [cited 17 August 2009].
2. De Rose, V., Mechanisms and markers of airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J, 2002. 19(2): p. 333-40.
3. Amaral, M.D. and K. Kunzelmann, Molecular targeting of CFTR as a therapeutic approach to cystic fibrosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2007. 28(7): p. 334-41.
4. Demsey, S.A., Carrier screening for cystic fibrosis: a perinatal perspective. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 1999. 13(2): p. 14-26.
5. Khan, T.Z., et al., Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995. 151(4): p. 1075-82.
6. Chmiel, J.F. and M.W. Konstan, Inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapies for cystic fibrosis. Clin Chest Med, 2007. 28(2): p. 331-46.
7. Shepherd, R.W., et al., Nutrition in cystic fibrosis. Nutr Res Rev, 1991. 4(1): p. 51-67.
8. Rottner, M., J.M. Freyssinet, and M.C. Martinez, Mechanisms of the noxious inflammatory cycle in cystic fibrosis. Respir Res, 2009. 10: p. 23.
9. Cantin, A.M., et al., Antioxidants in cystic fibrosis. Conclusions from the CF antioxidant workshop, Bethesda, Maryland, November 11-12, 2003. Free Radic Biol Med, 2007. 42(1): p. 15-31.
Natural Health – 'Indian ginseng' & Parkinson's, page 40
References:
1. Russo A et al, Phytomedicine 8, 125-132, 2001.
2. Gupta SK et al, Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 19, 211-222, 2003.
3. Kaur P et al, J Altern Complement Med 9, 897-907, 2003.
4. Spelman K et al, Altern Med Rev 11, 128-150, 2006.
5. Dhuley JN. Phytother Res. 15(6):524-8. Sep 2001.
6. Agarwal R, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 67(1):27-35. Oct 1999.
7. Archana R, Namasivayam A. J Ethnopharmacol. 64(1):91-3 Jan 1999.
8. Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS & Ghosal S. Indian J Exp Biol. 35(3):236-9. Mar 1997.
9. Mohan R et al. Angiogenesis. 7(2):115-22. 2004.
10. Anbalagan K, Sadique J. Indian J Exp Biol. 19(3):245-9. Mar 1981.
11. Kaur K et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 42(12):2015-20. Dec 2004.
12. Bhattacharya A et al. Indian J Exp Biol. 35(3):236-9. Mar 1997.
13. Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya AV. Phytomedicine 14(2-3):136-142, Feb 2007
14. Singh RH et al, Biogerontology 9(6):369-374, Dec 2008.
15. Tohda C et al, Neuroreport 11(9):1981-1985, Jun 26, 2000.
16. Kuboyama T et al, Eur J Neurosci 23(6):1417-1426, Mar 2006.
17. Tohda C et al, Neurosignals 14, 34-35, 2005.
18. Sankar SR et al, Cell Mol Biol Lett 12(4):473-481, Dec 2007.
19. Bhatnagar M et al, Neurochem Res, May 15, 2009 (epub ahead of print).
20. Naidu PS et al, Phytother Res 20(2):140-146, Feb 2006.
21. Nair V et al, Phytother Res 22(2):243-246, Feb 2008.
22. Zhou C et al, Ann NY Acad Sci 1147:93-104, Dec 2008.
23. Tsang AH, Chung KK. Biochim Biophys Acta 1792(7):643-650, Jul 2009.
24. Perry TL et al, Neurosci Lett 33, 305-310, 1982.
25. Yoritaka A et al, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93, 2696-2713, 1996
26. Mena MA et al, Curr Med Chem 5, 193-205, 2005
27. Rajasankar S et al, J Ethnopharmacol Aug 8, 2009.
28. Rajasankar S et al, Neurosci Lett 454(1):11-15, Apr 17, 2009.
29. Kumar P, Kumar A . J Med Food 12(3):591-600, Jun 2009.
Practice Update – Rhinitis – consider symptoms, page 42
References:
1 Allergic Rhinitis. Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Available from; http://www.cks.nhs.uk/allergic_rhinitis. Accessed August 2009 (free registration required).
2. Hu W, Katelaris CH, Kemp AS. Allergic Rhinitis. Practical management strategies. Aust Fam Phys 2008; 37(4):214-20
3. Scadding GK et al. BSACI guidelines for the management of allergic`and non-allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2008;38(1):19-42
Adverse Drug Reaction Case – Could this woman's hair loss be drug induced?, page 42
References:
1. Alopecia in women. American Family Physician 200;673:1007-14.
2. Available from; http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030301/1007.html
Pharmacy Today September 2009
Continuing Education – Welcome to the sneezin' season, page 36
References:
1. Hayfever. Healthcare Handbook 2009. CMP Media
2. Allergic rhinitis and hayfever. Feb 2005 www.everybody.co.nz (Accessed 26 July 2009)
3. Hayfever. July 2009 www.pharmacyonline.co.nz (Accessed 26 July 2009)
4. Mims Compendium Jan-Jun 09 Issue 10 CMP Media
Clinical Pharmacy – Contraceptives and optimal use, pages 41-43
References:
1. Goodman S, Hendlish SK, Reeves MF, Foster-Rosales A. Impact of immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine contraception on repeat abortion.
Contraception 2008;78:143-8
2. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Long-acting reversible contraception. Clinical Guideline 30. 2005
3. Canto De Cetina TE, Canto P, Ordoñez Luna M. Effect of counseling to improve compliance in Mexican women receiving
depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 2001;63:143-6
4. Cundy T, Cornish J, Roberts HE, Reid IR. 'Menopausal bone loss in long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception'.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 978-983.
5. Scholes D, Lacroix A, Ichikawa L et al., Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogestreone acetate contraception Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:139-144.
6. Fu H, Darroch JD, Haas T, Ranjit N. Contraceptive Failure Rates: New Estimates From the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth.
Fam Plan Perspec, 1999, 31(2):56-63
7. Fenton C, et al. Drospirenone/ethinylestradiol 3mg/20microg (24/4 day regimen): a review of its use in contraception, premenstrual dysphoric
disorder and moderate acne vulgaris. Drugs 2007;67(12):1749-1765.
Natural Health – Chamomile and ginkgo for ADHD, page 44
References:
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington: The Association; 1994.
2. Biederman J et al, Am J Psychiatry 150:1792-1798, 1993.
3. Rapport MD et al, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33, 882-893, 1994.
4. Findling RL. Clin Ther 30(5):942-957, May 2008.
5. Soileau EJ Adolesc Med State Art Rev 19(2):254-267, Aug 2008.
6. Chavez B et al, Ann Pharmacother 43(6):1084-1095, Jun 2009.
7. Niederhofer H, Phytomedicine 16(4):284-286, Apr 2009.
8. Niederhofer H. Phytotherapy Res, DOI:10.1002/ptr.2854, 2009.
9. Frei H. Phytotherapie 1:18-20, 2002 (German)
10. Lyon MR et al, J Psychiatry Neurosci 26(3):221-228, 2001.
11. Neiderhofer H, Phytotherapy Res, DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2778, 2009.
12. DuPaul GJ et al, J Psychopathol Behav Assess 20, 57-81, 1998.
13. Viola H et al, Planta Med 61(3):213-216, Jun 1995.
14. Salgueiro JB et al, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58(4):887-891, Dec 1997.
15. Zanoli P et al, Fitoterapia 71 Suppl 1:S117-23, Aug 2000.
16. Awad R et al, Can J Physiol Pharmacol 85(9):933-942, Sept 2007.
Pharmacy Today August 2009
Continuing Education – Pain relief and interactions, page 42
References:
1. Wilcox CM, Cryer B, Triadafilopoulos G. Patterns of use and public perception of over-the-counter pain relievers: focus on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The Journal of Rheumatology, 2005;32(11):2218-24
2. Healthcare Handbook. Pharmacy Today, CMP Media. Vol 11
3. National Consumers League. 2003 Over-the-Counter Pain Medication Study
[Accessed 28 June 2009]
4. For the Media: Consumer Misperceptions and Misuse of OTC Pain Relievers
[Accessed 28 June 2009]
5. Bearden-Cook W. Common Adverse Events and Interactions with OTC Pain Medications
US Pharm. 2008;33(5):44-56.
Clinical Pharmacy – Role of the pharmacist in CV risk assessment, pages 45-47
References:
1. New Zealand Health Information Service. Mortality and Demographic Data 2004. Available online at: www.nzhis.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexns/stats (accessed May 2009).
2. Forrester JS, Merz CNB, Bush TL, et al. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events: Task Force 4: efficacy of risk factor management. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:991-1006.
3. New Zealand Health Strategy, Department of Health, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at: www.moh.govt.nz/nzhs.html (accessed May 2009).
4. Tsuyuki RT, Johnson JA, Teo KK, et al. for the SCRIP Investigators. Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists (SCRIP):
randomised trial design of the effect of a community pharmacist intervention program on serum cholesterol risk. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:910-919.
5. Gardner SF, Skelton DR, Rollins SD, Hastings JK. Community pharmacy data bases to identify patients at high risk for hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15:292-296.
6. Monroe WP, Kunz K, Dalmady-Israel C, et al. Economic evaluation of pharmacist involvement in disease management in a community pharmacy setting. Clin Ther 1997;19:113-23.
7. Bluml BM, McKenney JM, Cziraky MJ. Pharmaceutical care services and results in project ImPACT: Hyperlipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc 2000; 40(2):157-165.
8. New Zealand Cardiovascular Guidelines Handbook 2009. Available at: www.nzgg.org.nz/cvdhandbook (accessed May 2009).
9. D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham heart study. Circulation 2008. 117: 743–53.
10. Stevens RJ, Kothari V, Adler AI, Stratton IM. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in Type II diabetes (UKPDS 56). Clin Sci 2001;101(6):671-679.
11. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, et al. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: The Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007. 297: 611–19.
12. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97(18):1837-47.
13. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al., Age specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360(9349):1903-13.
14. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(3):153-62.
Natural Health – Echinacea as BPH preventative, page 47
References
1. Barnes J et al, J Pharm Pharmacol 57(8):929-954, Aug 2005.
2. Ellingwood, Finley. ‘American Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacognosy’, Ellingwood’s Therapeutist, Chicago, 1919 (Reprinted by Eclectic Medical Publications, Portland, 1983).
3. Tragni E. et al, Pharmacol Res Comm, 20(5), 87-90, 1988.
4. Muller-Jakic, B. et al, Planta Med 60(1), 37-40, 1994.
5. Clifford et al. Phytomedicine. 9(3):249-53, 2002.
6. Rasmussen P Phytonews 14 12, Phytomed Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. ISSN 1175-0251, December 2002.
7. Sharma M et al, Antiviral Res 83(2):165-170, Aug 2009.
8. Sharma M et al, Phytother Res 23(6):863-867, Jun 2009.
9. Zhai Z et al, J Ethnopharmacol 122(1):76-85, Feb 25, 2009.
10. Kramer G et al, eur Urol 51(5):1202-1216, May 2007.
11. Skaudickas D et al, Medicina (Kaunas) 39(8):761-766, 2003.
12. Skaudickas D et al, Medicina (Kaunas) 40(12):1211-1218, 2004.
13. Skaudickas D et al, Phytother Res, Mar 13, 2009.
14. Robinette CL, Prostate 12:271-286, 1988
Natural Health – Echinacea promotes wound healing, page 47
References 2:
1. Borchers AT et al, Am J Clin Nutr 72(2):339-347, Aug 2000.
2. Rousseau B et al, J Voice 20(3):443-451, Sept 2006.
3. Speroni E et al, J Ethnopharmacol 79(2):265-272, Feb 2002.
4. Matthias A et al, Molecules 10(10):1242-1251, Oct 30, 2005.
5. Zhai Z et al, Phytomedicine 16, 669-678, 2009.
6. Padgett DA et al, Brain Behav Immun 12, 64-73, 1998.
7. Rojas IG et al, Brain Behav Immun 16, 74-84, 2002
8. Webster Marketon JI, Glaser R Cell Immunol 252(1-2):16-26, Mar-Apr 2008.
References
1. WHO - World Health Organisation International Travel and Travel Health Advice: www.who.int/ith/
2. CDC – Centers for Disease control and prevention : www.cdc.gov/travel/content/vaccinations.aspx
3. Worldwise Online Ltd – NZ specific travel vaccination advice: www.travel-essentials.co.nz
4. Immunization advisory center (NZ childhood immunization schedule) www.immune.org.nz
Clinical Pharmacy – Multidrug therapy in diabetes, pages 39-40
References:
1. Adorini L, Gregori S, Harrison LC. Understanding autoimmune diabetes: insights from mouse models. Trends Mol Med 2002 Jan;8(1):31-8.
2. Al-Salami H, Kansara H, King J, Morar B, Jayathilaka B, Fawcett PJ, et al. Bile acids: a bitter sweet remedy for diabetes. New Zealand Pharmacy Journal 2007 November;27(10):17-20.
3. Barbeau WE, Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R. Putting the pieces of the puzzle together - a series of hypotheses on the etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2007;68(3):607-19.
4. Ludvigsson J. Why diabetes incidence increases--a unifying theory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Oct;1079:374-82.
5. Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects. Endocr Rev J 1998 Aug;19(4):477-90.
6. Belcher G, Lambert C, Goh KL, Edwards G, Valbuena M. Cardiovascular effects of treatment of type 2 diabetes with pioglitazone, metformin and gliclazide. Int J Clin Pract 2004 Sep;58(9):833-7.
7. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Simonson DC. Fasting hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism 1989 Apr;38(4):387-95.
8. Weiss R, Caprio S. Development of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Minerva Med 2006 Jun;97(3):263-9.
9. Phillips P. Type 2 Diabetes - failure, blame and guilt in the adoption of insulin therapy. Rev Diabet Stud 2005 Spring;2(1):35-9.
10. Clausen JO, Borch-Johnsen K, Ibsen H, Bergman RN, Hougaard P, Winther K, et al. Insulin sensitivity index, acute insulin response, and glucose effectiveness in a population-based sample of 380 young healthy Caucasians.
Analysis of the impact of gender, body fat, physical fitness, and life-style factors. J Clin Invest 1996 Sep 1;98(5):1195-209.
11. Cardin S, Walmsley K, Neal DW, Williams PE, Cherrington AD. Involvement of the vagus nerves in the regulation of basal hepatic glucose production in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 Nov;283(5):E958-64.
12. Suh SH, Paik IY, Jacobs K. Regulation of blood glucose homeostasis during prolonged exercise. Mol Cells 2007 Jun 30;23(3):272-9.
13. Frosig C, Rose AJ, Treebak JT, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JF. Effects of endurance exercise training on insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle: interactions at the level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and AS160. Diabetes 2007 Aug;56(8):2093-102.
14. Boden G. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in health and diabetes. J Investig Med 2004 Sep;52(6):375-8.
15. Staehr P, Hother-Nielsen O, Beck-Nielsen H, Roden M, Stingl H, Holst JJ, et al. Hepatic autoregulation: response of glucose production and gluconeogenesis to increased glycogenolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007 May;292(5):E1265-9.
16. Krebs M, Brehm A, Krssak M, Anderwald C, Bernroider E, Nowotny P, et al. Direct and indirect effects of amino acids on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans. Diabetologia 2003 Jul;46(7):917-25.
17. Galassetti P, Mann S, Tate D, Neill RA, Wasserman DH, Davis SN. Effect of morning exercise on counterregulatory responses to subsequent, afternoon exercise. J Appl Physiol 2001 Jul;91(1):91-9.
18. Laurent D, Hundal RS, Dresner A, Price TB, Vogel SM, Petersen KF, et al. Mechanism of muscle glycogen autoregulation in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000 Apr;278(4):E663-8.
19. Borghouts LB, Keizer HA. Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review. Int J Sports Med 2000 Jan;21(1):1-12.
20. Hansen BF, Asp S, Kiens B, Richter EA. Glycogen concentration in human skeletal muscle: effect of prolonged insulin and glucose infusion. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1999 Aug;9(4):209-13.
21. Magnusson I, Rothman DL, Jucker B, Cline GW, Shulman RG, Shulman GI. Liver glycogen turnover in fed and fasted humans. Am J Physiol 1994 May;266(5 Pt 1):E796-803.
22. Liu GJ, Simpson AM, Swan MA, Tao C, Tuch BE, Crawford RM, et al. ATP-sensitive potassium channels induced in liver cells after transfection with insulin cDNA and the GLUT 2 transporter regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Faseb J 2003 Sep;17(12):1682-4.
23. McClenaghan NH, Flatt PR, Ball AJ. Actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 on KATP channel-dependent and -independent effects of glucose, sulphonylureas and nateglinide. J Endocrinol 2006 Sep;190(3):889-96.
24. Straub SG, Sharp GW. Hypothesis: one rate-limiting step controls the magnitude of both phases of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004 Sep;287(3):C565-71.
25. Christin L, Nacht CA, Vernet O, Ravussin E, Jequier E, Acheson KJ. Insulin. Its role in the thermic effect of glucose. J Clin Invest 1986 Jun;77(6):1747-55.
26. Devendra D, Liu E, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: recent developments. BMJ 2004 Mar 27;328(7442):750-4.
27. Notkins AL, Lernmark A. Autoimmune type 1 diabetes: resolved and unresolved issues. J Clin Invest 2001 Nov;108(9):1247-52.
28. Peng H, Hagopian W. Environmental factors in the development of Type 1 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2007 Jan 4.
29. Wahlberg J, Vaarala O, Ludvigsson J. Dietary risk factors for the emergence of type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies in 21/2 year-old Swedish children. Br J Nutr 2006 Mar;95(3):603-8.
30. Akerblom HK, Vaarala O, Hyoty H, Ilonen J, Knip M. Environmental factors in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Am J Med Genet 2002 May 30;115(1):18-29.
31. Vaarala O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002 Apr;958:39-46.
32. Scott FW, Cloutier HE, Kleemann R, Woerz-Pagenstert U, Rowsell P, Modler HW, et al. Potential mechanisms by which certain foods promote or inhibit the development of spontaneous diabetes in BB rats: dose, timing, early effect on islet area, and switch in infiltrate from Th1 to Th2 cells. Diabetes 1997 Apr;46(4):589-98.
33. Ziegler AG, Schmid S, Huber D, Hummel M, Bonifacio E. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies. JAMA 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1721-8.
34. Szkudelski T. The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas. Physiol Res 2001;50(6):537-46.
35. Ghosh S, van Heel D, Playford RJ. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: is it all gut flora modulation? Gut 2004 May;53(5):620-2.
36. Bourlioux P, Koletzko B, Guarner F, Braesco V. The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on the Danone Symposium "The Intelligent Intestine," held in Paris, June 14, 2002. Am J Clin Nutr2003 Oct;78(4):675-83.
37. Moore PA, Zgibor JC, Dasanayake AP. Diabetes: a growing epidemic of all ages. J Am Dent Assoc 2003 Oct;134 Spec No:11S-5S.
38. Stone NJ, Schmeltz LR. Metabolic syndrome management. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007 Sep;8(13):2059-75.
39. Fajans S. [Classification, pathogenesis and course of various types of diabetes mellitus]. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1987;93:139-44 (German).
40. Madsen D, Beaver M, Chang L, Bruckner-Kardoss E, Wostmann B. Analysis of bile acids in conventional and germfree rats. J Lipid Res1976 Mar;17(2):107-11.
41. Zhang L, Krzentowski G, Albert A, Lefebvre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care 2001 Jul;24(7):1275-9.
42. Bonadonna RC, Cucinotta D, Fedele D, Riccardi G, Tiengo A. The metabolic syndrome is a risk indicator of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes: results from Metascreen, a multicenter diabetes clinic-based survey. Diabetes Care 2006 Dec;29(12):2701-7.
43. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and complication risk in type 1 diabetes: "double diabetes" in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2007 Mar;30(3):707-12.
44. De Leon M, Ferenderes R, Carulli N. Bile lipid composition and bile acid pool size in diabetes. Am J Dig Dis 1978 Aug;23(8):710-6.
45. Meinders AE, Van Berge Henegouwen GP, Willekens FL, Schwerzel AL, Ruben A, Huybregts AW. Biliary lipid and bile acid composition in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arguments for increased intestinal bacterial bile acid degradation. Dig Dis Sci 1981 May;26(5):402-8.
46. Mikov M, Fawcett JP. Chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, chemical & metabolic transformations and pharmacology. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006 Jul-Sep;31(3):133-4.
47. Mikov M, Fawcett JP, Kuhajda K, Kevresan S. Pharmacology of bile acids and their derivatives: absorption promoters and therapeutic agents. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006 Jul-Sep;31(3):237-51.
48. Mikov M, Raskovic A, Kuhajda K, Kevresan S, Potsides CY. Therapeutic perspective of bile acids-Toxicity and interaction. Scr Med 2004;1(1 Suppl):S-1.
49. Houten S, Watanabe M, Auwerx J. Endocrine functions of bile acids. The EMBO Journal 2006;25:1419 - 25.
50. Ali AA, Velasquez MT, Hansen CT, Mohamed AI, Bhathena SJ. Modulation of carbohydrate metabolism and peptide hormones by soybean isoflavones and probiotics in obesity and diabetes. J Nutr Biochem 2005 Nov;16(11):693-9.
51. Altenhoefer A, Oswald S, Sonnenborn U, Enders C, Schulze J, Hacker J, et al. The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2004 Apr 9;40(3):223-9.
52. Bengmark S. Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of probiotic flora. Gut 1998 Jan;42(1):2-7.
53. Calcinaro F, Dionisi S, Marinaro M, Candeloro P, Bonato V, Marzotti S, et al. Oral probiotic administration induces interleukin-10 production and prevents spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Diabetologia 2005 Aug;48(8):1565-75.
54. Tsiani E, Ramlal T, Leiter LA, Klip A, Fantus IG. Stimulation of glucose uptake and increased plasma membrane content of glucose transporters in L6 skeletal muscle cells by the sulfonylureas gliclazide and glyburide. Endocrinology 1995 Jun;136(6):2505-12.
55. Jacobs DB, Hayes GR, Lockwood DH. In vitro effects of sulfonylurea on glucose transport and translocation of glucose transporters in adipocytes from streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 1989 Feb;38(2):205-11.
56. Taylor AR, Brownsill RD, Grandon H, Lefoulon F, Petit A, Luijten W, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide in Caucasians and Australian Aborigines with type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Mar;49(3):223-30.
57. Fallucca F, Sciullo E, Maldonato A. Combined therapy with insulin and sulfonylurea for the treatment of new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res1996 Feb;28(2):86-8.
58. Renier G, Desfaits AC, Serri O. Effect of gliclazide on monocyte-endothelium interactions in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2000 Jul-Aug;14(4):215-23.
59. Palmer KJ, Brogden RN. Gliclazide. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1993 Jul;46(1):92-125.
60. Florkowski CM, Richardson MR, Le Guen C, Jennings PE, O'Donnell MJ, Jones AF, et al. Effect of gliclazide on thromboxane B2, parameters of haemostasis, fluorescent IgG and lipid peroxides in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res1988 Oct;9(2):87-90.
61. Noda Y, Mori A, Packer L. Gliclazide scavenges hydroxyl, superoxide and nitric oxide radicals: an ESR study. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997 May;96(2):115-24.
62. Rendall M. The Role of Sulphonylureas in the Management of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs 2004;64(12):1399 -58.
63. Riccio A, Lisato G, de Kreutzenberg SV, Marchetto S, Turrin M, Tiengo A, et al. Gliclazide potentiates suppression of hepatic glucose production in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Metabolism 1996 Oct;45(10):1196-202.
64. Cejvan K, Coy DH, Holst JJ, Cerasi E, Efendic S. Gliclazide directly inhibits arginine-induced glucagon release. Diabetes 2002 Dec;51 (Suppl 3):S381-4.
65. Kinukawa J, Shimura M, Harata N, Tamai M. Gliclazide attenuates the intracellular Ca2+ changes induced in vitro by ischemia in the retinal slices of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Curr Eye Res 2005 Sep;30(9):789-98.
66. Jiang C, Li Y. [Effects of gliclazide on blood rheology of diabetes Wistar rat]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2001 Jun;32(2):313-4 (Chinese).
67. Ziegler O, Drouin P. Hemobiological activity of gliclazide in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991;14 (Suppl 2):S83-9.
68. Katsumata K, Katsumata Y. The potentiating effect of the simultaneous administration of tolbutamide, glibenclamide, and gliclazide on the development of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Horm Metab Res 1990 Jan;22(1):51-2.
69. Pan CY. [Long-term effect of gliclazide on platelet function in diabetes]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1984 Apr;64(4):233-5 (Chinese).
70. Holmes B, Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Gliclazide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1984 Apr;27(4):301-27.
71. Violi F, De Mattia GC, Alessandri C, Perrone A, Vezza E. The effects of gliclazide on platelet function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin 1982;8(3):200-3.
72. Campbell DB, Lavielle R, Nathan C. The mode of action and clinical pharmacology of gliclazide: a review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991;14 (Suppl 2):S21-36.
73. Campbell IW. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus with special reference to metformin therapy. Diabete Metab 1991 May;17(1 Pt 2):191-6.
74. Davis TM, Daly F, Walsh JP, Ilett KF, Beilby JP, Dusci LJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide in Caucasians and Australian Aborigines with type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Mar;49(3):223-30.
75. Delrat P, Paraire M, Jochemsen R. Complete bioavailability and lack of food-effect on pharmacokinetics of gliclazide 30 mg modified release in healthy volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2002 May;23(4):151-7.
76. Dollery C, editor. Therapeutic Drugs. 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.
77. Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL, Park PW. Quantification of gliclazide by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography: application to a bioequivalence study of two formulations in healthy subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004 Jun 29;35(4):943-9.
78. Park JY, Kim KA, Park PW, Park CW, Shin JG. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003 Oct;74(4):334-40.
79. Imamura Y, Kimachi K, Nagase S, Otagiri M. Hypoglycemic action and disposition of gliclazide in normal and analbuminemic rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1990 Mar-Apr;304:44-54.
80. Oida T, Yoshida K, Kagemoto A, Sekine Y, Higashijima T. The metabolism of gliclazide in man. Xenobiotica 1985 Jan;15(1):87-96.
81. Sato J, Ohsawa I, Oshida Y, Fukuharu M, Hu XC, Tamagawa T, et al. Comparison of the effects of three sulfonylureas on in vivo insulin action. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51(6):459-64.
82. Ward G, Harrison LC, Proietto J, Aitken P, Nankervis A. Gliclazide therapy is associated with potentiation of postbinding insulin action in obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Diabetes1985 Mar;34(3):241-5.
83. Kuhajda K, Kandrac J, Kevresan S, Mikov M, Fawcett JP. Structure and origin of bile acids: an overview. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006 Jul-Sep;31(3):135-43.
84. Roberts MS, Magnusson BM, Burczynski FJ, Weiss M. Enterohepatic circulation: physiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002;41(10):751-90.
85. Mikov M, Boni NS, Al-Salami H, Kuhajda K, Kevresan S, Golocorbin-Kon S, et al. Bioavailability and hypoglycemic activity of the semisynthetic bile acid salt, sodium 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate, in healthy and diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007 Jan-Mar;32(1):7-12.
86. Kuhajda K., Kevresan S., Mikov M., Sabo A., D. M. 3a,7a-dihydroxy-12-keto-5ß-cholanate as an enhancer of insluin nasal absorption in rats. Arch Toxicol Kinet Xenobiot 1997;5:359-61.
87. Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res 2006 Feb;47(2):241-59.
88. Bodo A, Bakos E, Szeri F, Varadi A, Sarkadi B. Differential modulation of the human liver conjugate transporters MRP2 and MRP3 by bile acids and organic anions. J Biol Chem 2003 Jun 27;278(26):23529-37.
89. Zelcer N, Saeki T, Bot I, Kuil A, Borst P. Transport of bile acids in multidrug-resistance-protein 3-overexpressing cells co-transfected with the ileal Na+-dependent bile-acid transporter. Biochem J2003 Jan 1;369(Pt 1):23-30.
90. Zollner G, Fickert P, Fuchsbichler A, Silbert D, Wagner M, Arbeiter S, et al. Role of nuclear bile acid receptor, FXR, in adaptive ABC transporter regulation by cholic and ursodeoxycholic acid in mouse liver, kidney and intestine. J Hepatol v2003 Oct;39(4):480-8.
91. Balakrishnan A, Polli JE. Apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2): a potential prodrug target. Mol Pharm 2006 May-Jun;3(3):223-30.
92. Geyer J, Wilke T, Petzinger E. The solute carrier family SLC10: more than a family of bile acid transporters regarding function and phylogenetic relationships. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006 Mar;372(6):413-31.
93. Dumaswala R, Berkowitz D, Heubi JE. Adaptive response of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids to extrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology1996 Mar;23(3):623-9.
94. Asamoto Y, Tazuma S, Ochi H, Chayama K, Suzuki H. Bile-salt hydrophobicity is a key factor regulating rat liver plasma-membrane communication: relation to bilayer structure, fluidity and transporter expression and function. Biochem J 2001 Nov 1;359(Pt 3):605-10.
95. Mita S, Suzuki H, Akita H, Hayashi H, Onuki R, Hofmann AF, et al. Inhibition of bile acid transport across Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and bile salt export pump (ABCB 11)-coexpressing LLC-PK1 cells by cholestasis-inducing drugs. 2006 Sep;34(9):1575-81.
96. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. Influence of the semisynthetic bile acid (MKC) on the ileal permeation of gliclazide in healthy and diabetic rats. Pharmacological Reports 2008, 2008;60(4):532-41.
97. Al-Salami H, Grant Butt, Ian Tucker, Mikov M. The influence of probiotics pre-treatment, on the ileal permeation of gliclazide, in healthy and diabetic rats. The archives of drug information 2008 July;1(1):35-41.
98. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. Influence of the semisynthetic bile acid MKC on the ileal permeation of gliclazide in vitro in healthy and diabetic rats treated with probiotics. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2008 April;30(2):1-7.
99. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Fawcett JP, Golocorbin-Kon S, Mikov I, et al. Gliclazide reduces the intestinal transport of the bile acid. MKC in healthy but not diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009;34(1):43-51.
100. FAO/WHO. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food2002.
101. Bezkorovainy A. Probiotics: determinants of survival and growth in the gut. Am J Clin Nutr2001 Feb;73(2 Suppl):399S-405S.
102. Karimi O, Pena AS. Probiotics: Isolated bacteria strain or mixtures of different strains? Two different approaches in the use of probiotics as therapeutics. Drugs Today (Barc)2003 Aug;39(8):565-97.
103. Rozanova GN, Voevodin DA, Stenina MA, Kushnareva MV. Pathogenetic role of dysbacteriosis in the development of complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children. Bull Exp Biol Med 2002 Feb;133(2):164-6.
104. Jaakkola I, Jalkanen S, Hanninen A. Diabetogenic T cells are primed both in pancreatic and gut-associated lymph nodes in NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2003 Dec;33(12):3255-64.
105. Matsuzaki T, Nagata Y, Kado S, Uchida K, Hashimoto S, Yokokura T. Effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. APMIS 1997 Aug;105(8):637-42.
106. Matsuzaki T, Nagata Y, Kado S, Uchida K, Kato I, Hashimoto S, et al. Prevention of onset in an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, NOD mice, by oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei. APMIS1997 Aug;105(8):643-9.
107. Meinders AE, Henegouwen VB, Willekens FLA, Schwerzel AL, Ruben BA, Huybregts AWM. Biliary lipid and bile acid composition in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Dig Dis Sci1981;26(3):402 - 8.
108. Malavolti M, Fromm H, Ceryak S, Shehan KL. Interaction of potentially toxic bile acids with human plasma proteins: binding of lithocholic (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic) acid to lipoproteins and albumin. Lipids1989 Jul;24(7):673-6.
109. Miyai K, Javitt NB, Gochman N, Jones HM, Baker D. Hepatotoxicity of bile acids in rabbits: ursodeoxycholic acid is less toxic than chenodeoxycholic acid. Lab Invest 1982 Apr;46(4):428-37.
110. Hofmann AF. Detoxification of lithocholic acid, a toxic bile acid: relevance to drug hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2004 Oct;36(3-4):703-22.
111. Kim K, Kim HS, Jeong J, Kil KS, Yu BS. The toxic effect of bile acid on rat liver by bile duct obstruction. J Toxicol Sci 1998 Oct;23 Suppl 4:662-3.
112. Chen CF, Kuo CH. Toxic effect of bile acid ingestion in rats. J Formos Med Assoc 1992 Aug;91(8):743-6.
113. Kurdi P, Kawanishi K, Mizutani K, Yokota A. Mechanism of growth inhibition by free bile acids in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. J Bacteriol 2006 Mar;188(5):1979-86.
114. Collins MD, Gibson GR. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 May;69(5):1052S-7S.
115. Hedenborg G, Norman A. Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid concentration with special reference to variations in the conjugate profile. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985 Apr;45(2):151-6.
116. Hedenborg G, Norman A. The nature of urinary bile acid conjugates in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest1984 Dec;44(8):725-33.
117. Franz B, Bode JC. [Plasma bile acid concentration (PGK): fasting values, daily fluctuations and effect of intraduodenal bile acid administration in healthy subjects and patients with chronic liver diseases]. Z Gastroenterol 1973 Mar;11(2):131-4 (German).
118. Succi M, Tremonte P, Reale A, Sorrentino E, Grazia L, Pacifico S, et al. Bile salt and acid tolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. FEMS Microbiol Lett2005 Mar 1;244(1):129-37.
119. Favaro-Trindade CS, Grosso CR. Microencapsulation of L. acidophilus (La-05) and B. lactis (Bb-12) and evaluation of their survival at the pH values of the stomach and in bile. J Microencapsul 2002 Jul-Aug;19(4):485-94.
120. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. The influence of the symisynthetic bile acids, MKC on gliclazide PKs and glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats after pre-treatment with probiotics. Med Hypothes and Res2008;4(2):1-9.
121. Mikov M, Al-Salami H, Fawcett JP. The influence of 3a,7a-dihydroxy-12-keto-5ß-cholanate on gliclazide pharmacokinetics and glucose levels in a rat model of diabetes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008;33(3):137-42.
122. Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Mikov M. Probiotic treatment reduces blood glucose levels and increases systemic absorption of gliclazide in diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008;33(2):101-6.
Natural Health – Forget fruit, leaves better for you, page 41
References:
1. Cao G et al, J Nutr 128, 2383-2390, 1998.
2. Zafra-Stone S et al, Mol Nutr Food Res 51(6):675-683, Jun 2007.
3. Oktyabrsky O et al, J Appl Microbiol 106(4):1175-1183, Apr 2009.
4. Hannum SM. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 44, 1-17, 2004.
5. Scalzo J et al, Nutrition 21, 207-213, 2005.
6. McDougall GJ et al, J Agric Food Chem 56(9):3016-3023, May 14, 2008.
7. Puupponen-Pimia R et al, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67(1):8-18, Apr 2004.
8. Luczaj L, Szymanski WM. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 3:17, Apr 15, 2007.
9. Jaric S et al, J Ethnopharmacol 111, 160-175, 2007.
10. Hanhineva K et al, Phytochem Anal May 8, 2009 (epub ahead of print).
11. Creasy LL, Swain T. Phytochemisty 5, 501-509, 1966.
12. Wang SY, Lin HS. J Agric Food Chem 48, 140-146, 2000.
13. Katalinic V et al, Food Chem 94, 550-557, 2006.
14. Rigelsky JM, Sweet BV. Am J Health Syst Pharm 59(5):417-422, Mar 1, 2002.
15. Pittler MH et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD005312, Jan 23, 2008.
16. Naemura A et al, Blood Coagulation Fibrinolysis 16, 501-509, 2005.
17. Edirisinghe I et al, J Agric Food Chem 56(20):9383-9390, Oct 22, 2008.
18. Sesso HD et al, J Am Coll Nutr 26(4):303-310, Aug 2007.
Pharmacy Today June 2009
Continuing Education – Coughs in kids – what options?, page 40
References:
1. Rutter, P and Newby, D. “Cough” In: Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Elsevier: Sydney; 2008, p. 2–10.
2. Nathan, A. “Cough” In: Non-prescription Medicines. Pharmaceutical Press: London; 2006, p. 78–93.
3. Jessamine, S. Children’s Use of Cough and Cold Medicines Reviewed. Ministry of Health: Wellington; 2009, p. 1.
4. New advice for the treatment of cough and colds in children. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency: United Kingdom; 2009.
Natural Health – Phytotherapy and influenza, page 47
References
1. Potter CW, J Appl Microbiol 91, 572-579, 2001.
2. Crosby AW. Epidemic and Peace, 1918. Westford, CT:Greenwood Press, 1976.
3. Reid AH et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 16;96(4):1651-6. Feb 1999
4. Guan Y et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101(21):8156-8161, May 25, 2004.
5. Cheung CY. Lancet 360, 1831-1837, 2002.
6. Kobasa D et al, Nature 431, 703-707, Oct 2004.
7. Kash JC et al, J Virol 78(17):9499-9511, Sept 2004.
8. Lipatov AS et al, J Gen Virol 86(Pt 4):1121-1130, Apr 2005.
9. Lee DCW et al, J Virology 79(16):10147-10154, Aug 2005.
10. Gray PM et al, J Virol 79(6):3339-3349, Mar 2005.
11. Wang C-H et al, Resp Res 6:42, 2005.
12. Potter CW & Oxford JS. Br Med Bull.;35(1):69-75. Jan 1979.
13. Hayashi I et al, Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi.;24(1):10-20. Feb 2001.
14. Currier NL, Miller SC. J Altern Complement Med 7(3):241-251, Jun 2001.
15. Giles et al. Pharmacotherapy. 20(6):690-7, 2000.
16. Melchart et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2):CD000530, 2000.
17. Percival SS. Biochem Pharmacol. 60(2):155-8, 2000.
18. Hoheisel O. et al, Eur. J. Clinical Research, 9, 261-268, 1997.
19. Barnes J et al, J Pharm Pharmacol 57(8):929-954, Aug 2005.
20. Rasmussen PL, ‘Effects of Echinacea on virus-induced respiratory cytokines’. Phytonews 24, Phytonews Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand ISSN 1175-0251, Feb 2006.
21. Gertsch J et al, FEBS Lett 577, 563-569, 2004.
22. Randolph RK et al, Exp Biol Med (Maywood).;228(9):1051-6. Oct 2003.
23. Rasmussen PL, Phytonews 21, 8-9, Phytomed Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. ISSN 1175-0251, March 2005.
24. Rasmussen PL, ‘Avian Influenza Update’, Phytonews 23, Phytomed Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand, ISSN 1175-0251, November 2005.
25. Rasmussen P Phytonews 20 4, Phytomed Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. ISSN 1175-0251, December 2004.
26. Predy GN 2005 CMAJ. 25;173(9):1043-8. Oct 2005.
27. Scaglione F et al, Drugs Exp Clin Res 22(2):65-72, 1996.
28. Block KI, Mead MN. Integr Cancer Ther 2(3):247-267, Sept 2003.
29. Yesilada E et al, J Ethnopharmacol. 4;96(1-2):71-7. Jan 2005
30. Guo FC et al. Poult Sci. 83(7):1124-32. Jul 2004
31. Zakay-Rones Z et al, J Altern Complement Med 1(4):361-369, 1995.
32. Barak V et al, Isr Med Assoc J 4(11 Suppl):919-922, Nov 2002.
33. Sohni Y et al, J Ethnopharmacol 54(2-3):119, 1996.
34. Denyer CV et al, J Nat Prod 57(5):658-662, May 1994.
35. Dugenci SK et al, J Ethnopharmacol 88(1):99-106. Sep 2003
36. Chrubasik S et al, Phytomedicine 12(9):684-701. Review. Sep 2005
37. Kuo MC J Ethnopharmacol. 14; Sep 2005
38. Micol V et al. Antiviral Res.66(2-3):129-36. Jun. 2005
39. Adb El Hady FK, Hegazi AG. Z Naturforsch 57(3-4):386-394, Mar-Apr 2002.
40. GekkerG et al. Ethnopharmacol 87(1):93-97, Jul 2003.
41. Ansorge S et al, Z Naturforsch 58(7-8):580-589, Jul-Aug 2003.
42. Sa-Nunes A et al, J Ethnopharmacol 87(1):93-97, Jul 2003.
43. Nagai T et al, Chem Pharm Bull 38(5):1329-1332, May 1990.
44. Nagai T et al, Antiviral Res 26(1):11-25, Jan 1995.
Pharmacy Today May 2009
Continuing Education – Why not? It is only natural, page 37
References:
1. Complementary medicines monographs, in Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary and Handbook Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Editor. 2009, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Canberra. p. 230-275.
2. The Royal Womens' Hospital Drug information centre. Herbal preparations in pregnancy and breastfeeding. 1999 [cited 2009 9 April];
Available from this link
3. National Prescribing Service, Complementary medicines and the common cold. Information for health professionals. NPS, 2004(June): p. 1-4.
4. Rutter, P. and D. Newby, The common cold, in Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment 2008, Elsevier Australia 63-69: Sydney. p. 13.
Clinical Pharmacy – Polypharmacy in the elderly – the real challenge –pages 39-42
References:
1. Nolan L, O’Malley K: Prescribing for the elderly, Part 1: Sensitivity of the elderly to adverse drug reactions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36(2):142-149.
2. Montamat SC, Cusack B: Over viewing problems with polypharmacy and drug misuse in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1992;8:143-158.
3. Klein C. Managing polypharmacy: reviewing literature to identify best practices. Addiction Professional, May, 2005
4. Yvette C. Understanding and managing polypharmacy in the elderly. Pharmacy Times. Dec 2004
5. Rollason V, Vogt N. Reduction of polypharmacy in the elderly: a systemic review of the role of the pharmacist. Drugs Aging 2003;20:817-832."
6. National Population Estimates. Statistics New Zealand. September 2008
7. Beyth RJ, Short RL. Principles of drug therapy in older patients. Rational drug prescribing. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002;18:577-592.
8. Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Ruby CM, Weinberger M : Suboptimal prescribing in older in patients and out patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:2000-2009.
9. Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990;47:533-543.
10. Guidance for medication review: pharmacy and prescribing team, 2006. Western Health and Social Services Board
11. Ament PW, Bertolino JG, Lisezwski JL. Clinically significant drug interactions. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61: 1745-1754.
12. Reamer L, Bushhardt, Nine key questions to address polypharmacy in the elderly. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 2005;18(5):32-40.
13. Goshman L, Fish J, Roller K. Clinically significant cytochrome p450 drug interactions J Pharmacy Soc 1999 available at http:// pswi org/communications/pharmacy Cytochrome pdf.
14. Michalets EL. Update: Clinically significant cytochrome P450 drug interactions. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18(1):84-112.
15. Gurtwitz JH, Fields TS, Avoron, et al. Incidence and prevalence of adverse drug events in nursing homes. Am J Med 2000;109:87-94.
16. Carlson JE. Perils of polypharmacy: 10 steps to prudent prescribing. Geriatrics 1996;51:26-35.
17. Ernst FR, Grizzle AJ. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc 2001;41:192-199.
18. Rochon PA, Fortin PR, Dear KBG, Minaker KL, Chalmers TC. Reporting of age data in clinical trials of arthritis: deficiency and solutions. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:243-248.
19. Rochon PA, Clark JP, Binns MA, Patel V, GurwitzJH. Reporting of gender-related information in clinical trials of drug therapy for myocardial infarction. CMAJ. 1998;159: 321-327.
20. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus. Arch of Internal Med 2003;163:2716-2724A.
21. Brazeau S. Polypharmacy and the Elderly. The Canadian Journal of CME Aug, 2001
IMMP study of Mirena© in New Zealand adolescents – page 43
References:
1. Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB. Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review. Contraception 2006;73(2):145–53.
2. Hubacher D. Copper intrauterine device use by nulliparous women: review of side effects. Contraception 2007;75(6 Suppl):S8–S11.
3. Kives S. The IUCD – is it an acceptable option for the adolescent? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2006;19(4):301.
4. McNaught J. Adolescents and IUCDs – not a contraindication. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2006;19(4):303–05.
5. Paterson H, Ashton J, Harrison-Woolrych M. A nationwide cohort study of the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device in New Zealand adolescents.
Contraception 2009 (in press). To access early online publication go to: http://dx.doi.org then enter doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.001
6. Zhou L, Harrison-Woolrych M, Coulter DM. Use of the New Zealand Intensive Medicines Monitoring Programme to study the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (Mirena). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003;12(5):371–77.
7. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 3rd edition. Effectiveness of method. WHO: Geneva, 2004. (www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/mec/mec.pdf) – make 7
Natural Health – Treating bone loss with herbs – page 44
References:
1. Samelson EJ, Hannan MT. Curr Rheumatol Rep 8(1):76-83, Feb 2006.
2. De Silva JA, Porto A. Acta Med Port 10:689-695, 1997.
3. Rossouw JE et al, JAMA 288:321-333, 2002.
4. Xu M et al, Osteoporos Int 20:519-526, 2009
5. Jadad AR et al, Control Clin Trials 17:1-12, 1996
6. Nisslein T, Freudenstein J. J Bone Miner Metab 21(6):370-376, 2003.
7. Li JX et al, Maturitas 58(1):59-69, Sept 20, 2007.
8. Wuttke W et al, Maturitas 44 (Suppl 1):S67-S77, Mar 14, 2003.
Pharmacy Today April 2009
Continuing Education – An itch that needs urgent relief, page 36
References:
1. Nathan, A., Vaginal candidiasis, in Non-prescription Medicines. 2006, Pharmaceutical Press: London. p. 396-403.
2. Rutter, P., Vaginal discharge, in Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment 2008, Elsevier: Sydney. p. 80-86.
3. Ferris, D.G., C. Dekle, and M.S.L. June, Women's use of over-the-counter antifungal medications for gynecologic symptoms. Fam Pract, 1996: p. 595-601.
4. Nyirjesy, P., et al., Over-the-Counter and Alternative Medicines in the Treatment of Chronic Vaginal Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol, 1997. 90: p. 50-52.
5. Spence, D., Candidiasis (vulvovaginal), in Clinical Evidence. 2007.
Clinical Pharmacy – Ways to prevent osteoporosis fractures in the elderly, pages 39-41
References:
1. Tanna, N., Osteoporosis and its prevention. The Pharm J, 2005. 275(October): p. 521-523.
2. Wilkins, C.H. and S.J. Birge, Prevention of osteoporotic fractures in elderly. Am J Med, 2005. 118: p. 1190-1195.
3. Brown, P., et al., The Burden of Osteoporosis in New Zealand: 2007-2020, Osteoporosis New Zealand inc., 2007, Centre for Health services Research and Policy.
4. National Osteoporosis Foundation, URL: http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/diseasefacts.htm.
5. The New Zealand Guidelines Group, Prevention of hip fractures in people aged 65 and over, 2003.
6. Kanis, J., Ten year fracture prediction. Osteoporosis review, 2006. 14: p. 3-7.
7. Bolland, M., P. Barber, and I. Reid, Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ online, 2008. doi:10.1136/bmj.39440.525752.BE.
8. Tillyard, M., et al., Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N Engl J Med, 1992. 326: p. 357-362.
Homoeopathic debate with Dr Shaun Holt, page 42
References:
1. Healy B, Burgess C, Siebers R et al. Do natural health food stores require regulation? N Z Med J. 2002 Sep 13;115(1161):U165
2. Altunç U, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments: systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jan;82(1):69-75
3. Ernst E. A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;54(6):577-82
4. Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L, et al. Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. Lancet. 2005 Aug 27-Sep 2;366(9487):726-32.
5. Linde K, Scholz M, Ramirez G et al. Impact of study quality on outcome in placebo-controlled trials of homeopathy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999 Jul;52(7):631-6.
6. Ian Sample (21/7/2008). "Pharmacists urged to 'tell the truth' about homeopathic remedies". The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-07-21.
7. Maddox J, Randi J, Stewart WW. "High-dilution" experiments a delusion. Nature. 1988 Jul 28;334(6180):287-91.
8. Long L, Ernst E. Homeopathic remedies for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Br Homeopath J. 2001 Jan;90(1):37-43.
9. Johnson T, Boon H. Where does homeopathy fit in pharmacy practice? Am J Pharm Educ. 2007 Feb 15;71(1):7
Nicki Walker BSocSci, Dip (Hon) for the New Zealand Council of Homeopathy
References:
1. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was preformed on 175 Dutch children suffering from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.
Children in the treatment group were given a “constitutional medicine” (individualised) for their overall health as well as acute medicines to treat the acute respiratory infections as they developed. The study found that the children given homeopathic medicines had a 16% better daily symptom score than children given a placebo. This study also found that the number of children given a placebo who had to undergo an adenoidectomy was 24% higher than for the treatment group. A 54.8% reduction in the use of antibiotics in the children given the homeopathic medicine was reported, while the placebo group had a 37.7% reduction in antibiotic use. (British Medical Journal, Nov 19, 1994, 309,1329-32).
In a study of 24 patients with asthma, researchers used allergy testing to establish what patients were allergic to then gave patients the homeopathic medicine made from their main allergen. The result showed that 82% of patients given the individualized homeopathic medicine improved compared with 38% given a placebo. The authors also did a meta-analysis of three similar asthma studies, totaling 202 patients, with similar results. (D Reilly, M Taylor, N Bettie et al. ‘ Is evidence for homeopathy reproducible?’ Lancet, December 10, 1994)
2. The Ministerial Advisory Committee on Complementary and Alternative Health (MACCAH) explores this issue and made the following recommendations on its final report to the Minister:
• The wide range of methodologies appropriate for researching the safety and efficacy of CAM should be used and recognised by CAM researchers and
research funding bodies
• Recognition should be given by research funding bodies, healthcare professional organizations and educational institutions to the relevance and importance of Research at different levels of evidence for the efficacy and safety of CAM. Integration
Dr Jan Raymond, GP of 30 years and homoeopathy practitioner, Mt Eden, Auckland
Reference:
1. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology 2004;43;577-582. References 31-133
Natural Health – Ginkgo link to dementia weakens– By Phil Rasmussen, page 43
References:
1. Kanowski S et al, Pharmacopsychiatry 29(2):47-56, 1996.
2. Hofferberth B, Human Psychopharmacol 9:215-222, 1994.
3. Le Bars PL et al, JAMA 278(16):1327-1332, 1997.
4. Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I. Arzneimittelforschung 57:4-11, 2007.
5. Oken BS et al, Arch Neurol 55(11):1409-1415, 1998.
6. Birks J et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD003120, 2002.
7. Bornhoft G et al, Z Gerontol Geriatr 41(4):298-312, Aug 2008
8. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Perfusion 18:388-392, 2005.
9. Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD003120, Apr 18, 2007.
10. Birks J, Grimley Evans J. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD003120 Jan 21, 2009.
11. DeKosky ST et al, JAMA 300(19):2253-2262, Nov 19, 2008.
12. Fitzpatrick AL et al, Contemp Clin Trials 27(6):541-553, 2006.
13. Dodge HH et al, Neurology 70(19 Pt 2):1809-1817, May 6, 2008.
14. Rasmussen PL, Phytonews 30, published by Phytomed Medicinal Herbs Ltd, Auckland New Zealand, ISSN 1175-0251, October 2008.
15. Guyonnet S et al, J Nutr Health Aging 11(2):132-152, Mar-Apr 2007.
16. Naik SR, Panda VS. Fitoterapia 79(6):439-445, Sept 2008.
17. Lin H et al, Microsurgery 27(8):673-377, 2007.
18. Vellas B et al, Neurology 67(9) (suppl 1):S6-S11, 2006
Website - Krill Oil
1. Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, Kowalski O, Duguet N, Dupuis S.
2. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea.
3. Altern Med Rev. May 2003;8(2):171-179. (PMID: 12777162).
4. Kidd PM.
5. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids.
6. Altern Med Rev. Sep 2007;12(3):207-227. (PMID: 18072818).
7. Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L.
8. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. Altern Med Rev. Dec 2004;9(4):420-428. (PMID: 15656713).
9. Deutsch L.
10. Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms.
11. J Am Coll Nutr. Feb 2007;26(1):39-48. (PMID: 17353582)
Pharmacy Today March 2009
Continuing Education – The causes of sore, irritated eyes, page 27
References:
1. Rutter, P., Opthalmology, in Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment2008, Elsevier Australia: Sydney. p. 34 - 49.
2. Nathan, A., Eye conditions, in Non-prescription Medicines. 2006, Pharmaceutical Press: London. p. 160 - 170.
Clinical Pharmacy – Pharmacotherapy in the elderly, pages 29-31
References:
1. Statistics New Zealand (2007). New Zealand’s 65+ Population: A statistical volume. Wellington. Available online at: www.stats.govt.nz (accessed December 2008).
2. Health of Older People in New Zealand: A Statistical Reference, 2002. Ministry of Health, Wellington.
3. Iber FI, Murphy PA, Connor ES. Age related changes in the gastrointestinal system: effect on drug therapy. Drugs and Aging 1994; 5: 34-8.
4. Greenblatt DJ, Sellers EM, Shader RI. Drug disposition in old age. New Engl J Med 1982; 306: 1081-8.
5. Lindeman RD, Tobin J, Shock NW. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;33:278–285.
6. Shepherd AM, Hewick DS, Moreland TA, Stevenson IH. Age as a determinant of sensitivity to warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1977;4:315–320. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57(1): 6–14.
7. Scarpace P, Tumer N, Mader S. Beta adrenergic function in ageing: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Drugs and Aging 1991;141:116–1298.
8. Maixner SM, Mellow AM, Tandon R. The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antipsychotics in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(Suppl 8):29–41.
9. Kruse WH. Problems and pitfalls in the use of benzodiazepines in the elderly. Drug Saf 1990;5:328–334.
10. Elliott EH. Alpha-1-adrenorepector responsiveness: the influence of age. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988;12(Suppl 8):S116–S123.
11. Mangoni AA, Jackson SHD. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57(1): 6–14.
12. Murray MD, Darnell J, Weinberger M, Martz BL. Factors contributing to medication noncompliance in elderly public housing tenants. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986;20:146-152.
13. Murray MD, Callahan CM. Improving medication use for older adults: An integrated research agenda. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:425-429.
14. Enhancing prescription medicine adherence: a national action plan. National Council on Patient Information and Education. Available online at: www.talkaboutrx.org/documents/enhancing_prescription_medicine_adherence.pdf (accessed December 2008).
15. Gallagher P, Barry P, O’Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in the elderly. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007; 32:113–121.
16. Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, et al. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. Arch Int Med 1991; 151:1825–1832.
17. Stuck AE, Beers MH, Steiner A et al. Inappropriate medication use in community residing older persons. Arch Int Med 1994; 154:2195–2200.
18. Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update. Arch Int Med 1997; 157:1531–1536.
19. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade W, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults – results of a US Consensus Panel of experts. Arch Int Med 2003; 163:2716–2724.
20. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288:2981–97; erratum 289:178.
21. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449–57; erratum 154:2254.
22. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343:687–91.
23. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. Combined Calcium and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Elderly Women: Confirmation of Reversal of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Hip Fracture Risk: The Decalyos II Study. Osteoporis Int 2002; 13:257-264.
24. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:370–8.
25. MacLaughlin EJ, Raehl CL. ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Adults. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2008; 65:343-57.
26. Drugs for disruptive features in dementia. Drug Ther Bull 2003; 41:1-4.
27. Montgomery SA. Late-life depression: rationalizing pharmacological treatment options. Gerontology 2002; 48:392–400.
28. Denham MJ, Barnett NL. Drug therapy and the older person. Role of the Pharmacist. Drug Safety 1998; 19(4):243-250.
29. Rollason V, Vogt N. Reduction of polypharmacy in the elderly. A systematic review of the role of the pharmacist. Drugs Aging 2003; 20(11);817-832.
Pharmacy Today February 2009
Clinical Pharmacy – Palliative car: the way forward – Pages 39-42
References:
1. Back, I. (2001). Palliative medicine handbook (3rd ed.). Cardiff: BPM Books.
2. Denton, A. (2007). Palliative care. Wellington (NZ): New Zealand College of Pharmacists.
3. New Zealand Ministry of Health. (2001). The New Zealand palliative care strategy. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health.
4. Palliative Care Expert Group. (2005). Therapeutic Guidelines: Palliative Care (2nd ed.). North Melbourne, Vic.: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd.
5. Twycross, R., & Wilcock, A. (Eds.). (2007). Palliative care formulary (3rd ed.). Nottingham (UK): palliativedrugs.com.
6. Watson, M., Lucas, C., Hoy, A., & Back, I. (2006). Oxford handbook of palliative care. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Woodruff, R. (2004). Palliative medicine (4th ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Natural Health – Complementary medicines use on the rise – Page 43
References:
1. Fisher P & Ward A. BMJ 309, 107-111, 1994.
2. MacLennan AH et al, Lancet 347:569-573, 1996
3. Barnes PM Adv Data 27(343):1-19, May 2004.
4. Kennedy J. Clin Ther 27(11):1847-1858, Nov 2005.
5. Von Gruenigen VE et al, Int J Gynaecol Cancer 11:205-209, 2001.
6. Chrystal K et al, NZ Med J 116(1168):u296, Jan 24, 2003.
7. Vapiwala N et al, Cancer J 12(6):467-474, Nov-Dec 2006.
8. Upchurch DM. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 16(11):102-113, Jan-Feb 2007
9. Nicolson T, NZ Med J 119(1233): 1-13, May 5, 2006
10. Evans A et al, NZ Med J 121(1278):21-34, Jul 25, 2008.
11. Ernst E. New Zealanders’ love affair with “alternative” medicine: reason for concern? NZ Med J 119(1233), 5 May 2006.
12. Ritchie MR. Proc Nutr Soc 66, 479-482, 2007.
13. Zhang AL Ann NY Acad Sci 1114:204-215, Oct 2007
Pharmacy Today November 2008
Clinical Pharmacy – Helping smokers to stay stopped – Pages 49-51
References:
1. Smoking as a global epidemic. http://www.tobaccoacademy.org/
2. Murray S. A smouldering epidemic. Can Med Assoc J 2006;174:309–10.
3. Warner KE , Mackay JL. Smoking cessation treatment in a public-health context. Lancet 2008;371:1978.
4. Ministry of Health. 2006. Tobacco Trends 2006: Monitoring tobacco use in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Available online at: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf
5. New Zealand Guidelines Group. The Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk. Evidence-based Best Practice Guideline, December 2003
6. Hay DR, Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand 2004. Technical Report No. 82, October 2004.
7. Hosokawa S, et al. Effects of smoking cessation on coronary endothelial function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2008;128:48–52.
8. Ministry of Health. Clearing the smoke: a five year plan for tobacco control in New Zealand 2004-2009.Wellington: Ministry of Health
9. Clinical Practice guideline on treatment of tobacco smoking and dependence in Malaysia, September 2003
10. Vogt F, et al. General practitioners’ and family physicians’ negative beliefs and attitudes towards discussing smoking cessation with patients: a systematic review. Addiction 2005;100(10):1423e31.
11. Smith MD, et al. Pharmacist counselling and outcomes of smoking cessation. Am Pharm 1995;35(8):20–9.
12. Zillich AJ, et al. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-based smoking-cessation program and its impact on quality of life. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22(6):759-65.
13. Williams DM, et al. An evaluation of smoking cessation related activities by pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc 2000;4(3):336-70.
14. Pharmacists and Action on Tobacco. EuroPharm Forum, World Health Organization Europe, 1998
15. Sinclair HZ, et al. Training pharmacists and pharmacy assistants in the stage of change model of smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial in Scotland. Tob Control 1998;7:253-61.
16. Maguire TA, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention based in community pharmacies. Addiction 2001; 96:325–31.
17. RPS e-PIC References on: The Pharmacist’s role in smoking cessation. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. March 2008
18. The Gold Standard: A practical guide to provide smoking cessation services in pharmacy. November 2002, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Pharmacia
19. International Pharmaceutical Federation. Pharmacists against Tobacco. http://www.fip.nl/projectsfip/pharmacistsagainsttobacco/NO9Ware.pdf
20. Hughes J. An algorithm for choosing among smoking cessation treatments. J Sub Abuse Treat 2008;34:426–32.
21. Sutton S. What’s new in smoking cessation. Medicine 2008;36(4):226-9.
22. Silagy C, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD000146.
23. Cahill K, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (ii): CD006103.6 National Institute for Health
24. Etter JF, et al. Cytisine for smoking cessation: A research agenda. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008;92:3–8.
25. Ministry of Health. 2007. New Zealand Smoking Cessation Guidelines. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Published in August 2007 by the Ministry of Health PO Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand
26. The Clinical Trials Research Unit and the Auckland Tobacco Control Research Centre, The University of Auckland. A Framework for Smoking Cessation Training in New Zealand: A Report for the Ministry of Health. Wellington: Ministry of Health. June 2008, ISBN: 978-0-478-31772-5
27. Corelli RL, et al. State-wide evaluation of a tobacco cessation curriculum for pharmacy students. Prevent Med 2005;40:888–95.
Pharmacy Today September 2008
Continuing Education - Insect stings - p 34
1. Nathan A. Insect bites and stings. In: Non-prescription Medicines. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2006. p. 246-252.
2. Ngan V. Insect bites and stings. In: Incorporated NZDS, editor. DermNet NZ; 2007.
3. Rutter P, Newby D. Bites and stings. In: Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Sydney: Elsevier; 2008. p. 185-187.
4. Pharmacy Today. Bites and Stings. In: Healthcare Handbook incorporating the OTC Products Guide. Auckland; 2008. p. 14-15.
Clinical - Childhood obesity - p 37
1. Adair LS. Child and adolescent obesity: epidemiology and developmental perspectives. Physiology & Behavior 2008;94(1):8-16.
2. Warne JP, Dallman MF. Stress, diet and abdominal obesity. Nat Med 2007;13(7):781-783.
3. Rosmond R. Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005;30(1):1-10.
4. Flynn MA, McNeil DA, Maloff B, Mutasingwa D, Wu M, Ford C, et al. Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: a synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations.[see comment]. Obesity Reviews 2006;7(Suppl 1):7-66.
5. Eaton SB. The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2006;65(1):1-6.
6. Summerbell CD, Ashton V, Campbell KJ, Edmunds L, Kelly S, Waters E. Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;4.
7. McGill A-T. Malnutritive obesity (‘malnubesity’): is it driven by human brain evolution? Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2008;6(4):in press.
8. Ministry of Health, Parnell W, Scragg R, Wilson N, Schaaf D, Fitzgerald E. NZ Food NZ Children - Key results of the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey. In: Ministry of Health NZ, editor. Ministry of Health Reports. PO Box 5013, Wellington, 2003.
9. Goulding A, Grant AM, Taylor RW, Williams SM, Parnell WR, Wilson N, et al. Ethnic Differences in Extreme Obesity. The Journal of Pediatrics 2007;151(5):542-544.
10. Ministry of Health. Obesity in New Zealand. Key Facts. In: Ministry of Health, editor. http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/obesity-key-facts ed, 2007.
11. McCarthy HD, Ellis SM, Cole TJ. Central overweight and obesity in British youth aged 11-16 years: cross sectional surveys of waist circumference. British Medical Journal 2003;326(7390):624.
12. Warnberg J, Marcos A. Low-grade inflammation and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2008;19(1):11-5.
13. Ohzeki T, Ohtahara H, Hanaki K, Urashima H, Tsukuda T, Tanaka Y, et al. Maternal perception of children's weight in relation to eating disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1996;94(4):279-80.
14. Kaur H, Li C, Nazir N, Choi WS, Resnicow K, Birch LL, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis of the child-feeding questionnaire among parents of adolescents. Appetite 2006;47(1):36-45.
15. Etelson D, Brand DA, Patrick PA, Shirali A. Childhood obesity: do parents recognize this health risk? Obesity Research 2003;11(11):1362-8.
16. Lightdale JR, Oken E. Breastfeeding, food choices, restrictive diets, and nutritional fads. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2002;14(3):344-9.
17. Franklin J, Denyer G, Steinbeck KS, Caterson ID, Hill AJ. Obesity and risk of low self-esteem: a statewide survey of Australian children. Pediatrics 2006;118(6):2481-7.
18. Phillips RG, Hill AJ. Fat, plain, but not friendless: self-esteem and peer acceptance of obese pre-adolescent girls. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 1998;22(4):287-93.
19. Hill AJ, Silver EK. Fat, friendless and unhealthy: 9-year old children's perception of body shape stereotypes. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 1995;19(6):423-30.
20. Hermanussen M, Garcia AP, Sunder M, Voigt M, Salazar V, Tresguerres JA. Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60(1):25-31.
21. Wikipedia. Artifical Coloring in United States - Current Seven & Delisted: Wikipedia, 2008.
22. Eigenmann PA, Haenggeli CA. Food colourings, preservatives, and hyperactivity. The Lancet 2007;370(9598):1524-1525.
23. Tremblay A, Pelletier C, Doucet E, Imbeault P. Thermogenesis and weight loss in obese individuals: A primary association with organochlorine pollution. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 2004;28:936-939.
24. Bray GA, Champagne CM. Beyond energy balance: there is more to obesity than kilocalories. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2005;105(5 Suppl 1):S17-23.
25. Ribas-Fito N, Grimalt JO, Marco E, Sala M, Mazon C, Sunyer J. Breastfeeding and concentrations of HCB and p,p'-DDE at the age of 1 year. Environ Res 2005;98(1):8-13.
26. Leung HW, Kerger BD, Paustenbach DJ. Elimination half-lives of selected polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in breast-fed human infants. Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health Part A 2006;69(6):437-43.
27. Shikora SA. Severe obesity: a growing health concern A.S.P.E.N. should not ignore. Jpen: Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition 2005;29(4):288-97.
28. Yajnik C, et al. Neonatal anthropometry: the thin-fat Indian baby: The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 2003;27(2):173-180.
29. Sloboda D. Timing of puberty linked to mother’s diet during pregnancy. The Endocrine Society’s 90th Annual Meeting. San Francisco: Media Release Liggins Institute, 2008
30. Ong KK, Preece MA, Emmett PM, Ahmed ML, Dunger DB, Team AS. Size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breast-feeding: longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatr Res 2002;52(6):863-7.
31. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Beedle AS, Raubenheimer D. Fetal and neonatal pathways to obesity. Frontiers of Hormone Research 2008;36:61-72.
32. Sparen P, et al. Long term mortality after severe starvation during the siege of Leningrad: prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 2004;328(7430):11.
33. Sandhu MS, Gibson JM, Heald AH, Dunger DB, Wareham NJ. Association between insulin-like growth factor-I: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 ratio and metabolic and anthropometric factors in men and women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2004;13(1):166-70.
34. Vona-Davis L, Howard-McNatt M, Rose DP. Adiposity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in breast cancer. Obesity Reviews 2007;8(5):395-408.
35. Han SH, Quon MJ, Koh KK. Reciprocal relationships between abnormal metabolic parameters and endothelial dysfunction. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2007;18(1):58-65.
36. Stump CS, Henriksen EJ, Wei Y, Sowers JR. The metabolic syndrome: role of skeletal muscle metabolism. Annals of Medicine 2006;38(6):389-402.
37. Cohen PG. Obesity in men: the hypogonadal-estrogen receptor relationship and its effect on glucose homeostasis. Medical Hypotheses 2008;70(2):358-60.
38. Woodside JV, McCall D, McGartland C, Young IS. Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2005;64(4):543-53.
39. Schroder H. Protective mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2007;18(3):149-60.
40. Curtis BM, O'Keefe JH, Jr. Understanding the Mediterranean diet. Could this be the new "gold standard" for heart disease prevention? Postgraduate Medicine 2002;112(2):35-8.
41. Willett WC, Sacks F, Trichopoulou A, Drescher G, Ferro-Luzzi A, Helsing E, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61(6 Suppl):1402S-1406S.
42. Slavin J. Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms. Proc Nutr Soc 2003;62(1):129-34.
43. Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Willett W, et al. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation 2003;108(7):802-7.
44. Naruszewicz M, Johansson M-L, Zapolska-Downar D, Bukowska H. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(6):1249-55.
45. Baxter AJ, Coyne T, McClintock C. Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome--a review of epidemiologic evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;15(2):134-42.
46. Esposito K, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Diet and the Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2007;5(4):291-296.
47. Aude Y, Mego P, Mehta J. Metabolic syndrome: dietary interventions. Curr Opin Cardiol 2004;19(5):473-9.
48. Chao HC, Lai MW, Kong MS, Chen SY, Chen CC, Chiu CH. Cutoff volume of dietary fiber to ameliorate constipation in children. Journal of Pediatrics 2008;153(1):45-9.
49. Johnson L, Mander AP, Jones LR, Emmett PM, Jebb SA. Energy-dense, low-fiber, high-fat dietary pattern is associated with increased fatness in childhood. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(4):846-54.
50. Valtuena S, Del Rio D, Pellegrini N, Ardigo D, Franzini L, Salvatore S, et al. The total antioxidant capacity of the diet is an independent predictor of plasma beta-carotene. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;61(1):69-76.
51. Addessi E, Galloway AT, Visalberghi E, Birch LL. Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite 2005;45(3):264-71.
52. Kappos AD. The impact of electronic media on mental and somatic children's health. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2007;210(5):555-562.
53. McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Harrell JS, Amorim LD. Adolescents with metabolic syndrome have a history of low fitness and physical activity levels. Dynamic Medicine 2008;7(5):doi:10.1186/1476-5918-7-5.
54. Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Howard BV, Steinberg D, Witztum JL, Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition PA, et al. Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2004;110(5):637-41.
55. Huang H-Y, Caballero B, Chang S, Alberg AJ, Semba RD, Schneyer C, et al. Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements and Prevention of Chronic Disease: Executive Summary. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(1):265S-268.
56. MedSafe. DUROMINE™ Phentermine Data Sheet. In: Douglas Pharmaceuticals Limited, editor. http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/d/durominecap.htm. Wellington: Pharmac Ministry of Health New Zealand, 2008.
57. Yanovski J. Metformin Plus Weight Loss Intervention Reduces Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children. Abstract OR25-2. ENDO 2008: The Endocrine Society 90th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, 2008.
58. Cordain L, et al. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(3):682-692.
Practice Update - Anaphylaxis p 41
Anaphylaxis eMedicine, available from;
http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/TOPIC25.HTM (accessed August 2008)
Fitzharris P et al. Anaphylaxis management: the essential role of adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injectors. Should PHARMAC fund them in New Zealand? NZMJ 2006;119(1233)
Tang A. A practical guide to anaphylaxis. Am Fam Physician 2003;68:1325-32
Pharmacy Today August 2008
Clinical Pharmacy - Irritable Bowel Syndrome p 41
1. Hutchison R. Lectures on Dyspepsia. 2 ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1927
2. Mayer EA. Irritable bowel syndrome. New Engl J Med 2008;358(16):1692-1699
3. Dancey CP, et al. Nucleotide supplementation: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial of IntestAidIB in people with irritable bowel syndrome [ISRCTN67764449]. Nutrition Journal 2006;5(1):16.
4. Lawrence J, et al. Systematic review on the management of irritable bowel syndrome in North America. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(11):Suppl.S7-S26
5. Murray M, Bongiorno P. Textbook of Natural Medicine. 3 ed. Washington: Churchill Livingstone, November 2005.
6. Schlup M. Irritable bowel syndrome. New Zealand Fam Prac 2007 ;34(5):354-357
7. Hulisz D. The burden of illness of irritable bowel syndrome: current challenges and hope for the future. J Manag Care Pharm 2004;10(4):299-309.
8. Barbara G, et al. New pathophysiological mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20(Suppl 2):1-9.
9. Verdu E, Collins S. Irritable bowel syndrome. Best Prac Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004;18(2):315-321.
10. Borgaonkar M, et al. The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome among community subjects with previous acute enteric infection. Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada.
11. Ford M, et al. Psychosensory modulation of colonic sensation in the human transverse and sigmoid colon. Gastroenterol 1995;(109):1772-1780.
12. Fukudo S, et al. Impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal motility and adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal controls and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1998;42(6):845-849.
13. Harris LA, Chang L. Irritable bowel syndrome: new and emerging therapies. Gastroenterology. Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 2006;5(3):297-304.
14. Talley NJ, Spiller R. Irritable bowel syndrome: a little understood organic bowel disease? The Lancet 2002;360(9332):555-564.
15. Mertz H. Irritable bowel syndrome: Review article. New Engl J Med 2003(349):2136-2146.
16. Thompson W, et al. Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut 1999;Suppl. 2(45):1143-1147.
17. Bennett EJ, et al. Level of chronic life stress predicts clinical outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1998;43(2):256-261.
18. Whitehead W. Psychosocial aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1997.
19. O'Mahony L, et al. Lactobacilli and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 2005(128):541-551.
20. Huang J, et al. Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2002(47):2625-2634.
21. Verdu E, Collins S. Irritable bowel syndrome and probiotics: from rationale to clinical use. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005(21):697-701.
22. Crowell MD. Future treatment approaches for functional GI disorders 2006:149-154. Available at URL: http://www.gastro.org/user-assets/Documents/08_Publications/06_GIHep_Annual_Review/Articles/Crowell.pdf
23. Friedel D, et al. Ischemic colitis during treatment with alosetron. Gastroenterology 2001(120):557-560.
24. Olden KW, Brown AR. Treatment of the severe refractory irritable bowel patient. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2004;2006:324-330.
25. Andresen V, Camilleri M. Irritable bowel syndrome: Recent and novel therapeutic approaches. Drugs 2006;66(8):1073-1088.
Pharmacy Today July 2008
Pharmacovigilance and adverse event reporting p 40
The importance of pharmacovigilance: Safety monitoring of medicinal products. World Health Organisation; 2002. http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/collect/edmweb/pdf/s4893e/s4893e.pdf <http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/collect/edmweb/pdf/s4893e/s4893e.pdf> <Accessed 3 October 2007>
Volume 9A of the rules governing medicinal products in the European Union – guidelines on pharmacovigilance for medicinal products for human use. April 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/pharmaceuticals/eudralex/vol-9/pdf/vol9_2007-07_upd07.pdf
<http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/pharmaceuticals/eudralex/vol-9/pdf/vol9_2007-07_upd07.pdf> <Accessed 3 April 2008>
Other Useful Sources of Information
Medsafe – Pharmacovigilance. http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/regulatory/pharmacovigilance.asp <http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/regulatory/pharmacovigilance.asp> <,Accessed 9 April 2008>
Onychomycosis - fungal nail infections p 45
Fungal Nail Infections. Patient UK. Available from;
www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/23068885/ <http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/23068885/> (accessed May 2008)
Fungal Nail Infections. DermNet NZ. Available from;
www.dermnetnz.org/fungal/onychomycosis.html <http://www.dermnetnz.org/fungal/onychomycosis.html> (accessed May 2008)
Nail and Fungus Health. American Academy of Dermatology. Available from;
www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_nail.html <http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_nail.html> (accessed May 2008)
Pharmacy Today June 2008
Spot the drug interaction - p 23
1. A Dangerous Trio. Prescriber Update; June 2002. Available from; http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/PUarticles/DangTrio.htm (Accessed 6 May, 2008)
2. Jerling M. Bertilsson L. Sjoqvist F. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring to document kinetic drug interactions: an example with amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Ther Drug Monit 1994; 16:1-12
3. Abernethy DR. Greenblatt DJ. Steel K. Propoxyphene inhibition of doxepin and antipyrine metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;31:199
4. Abernethy DR. Greenblatt DJ. Steel K et al. Impairment of hepatic drug oxidation by propoxyphene. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:223-224.
5. Potentially Inappropriate Medications for the Elderly According to the Revised Beers Criteria. Available from; http://www.dcri.duke.edu/ccge/curtis/beers.html (Accessed 6 May, 2008)
Continuing education - How can you help my feet? P43
1. Rutter P. and Newby D. Corns and calluses, Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment 2008, Elsevier: Sydney. p. 169 - 170.
2. Oakley A. Corns and calluses. DermNet 2008 [cited 2008 May]; Available from: http://www.dermnetnz.org/scaly/corns.html.
3. Rutter P. and Newby D. Warts, in Community Pharmacy Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment 2008, Elsevier: Sydney. p. 164-168.
4. Nathan A. Corns and calluses, Non-prescription Medicines. 2006, Pharmaceutical Press: London. p. 71-76.
Pharmacy Today May 2008
Practice Update - Flu treatment and prevention by Natalie Gauld, p 53
Ahmed F et al. Influenza vaccination for healthy young adults. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1543-7.
Aoki FY et al. Early administraton of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 123-9. In Moscona A. Drug therapy: neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1363-73.
Hayward AC et al. Effectiveness of an influenza vaccine programme for care home staff to prevent death, morbidity, and health service use among residents: cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2006; 333: 1241.
Huang QS, Lopez L, Adlam B. Influenza surveillance in New Zealand in 2005. NZMJ 2007; 120 (1256). http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1256/2581/
Jefferson TO et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2.
Jefferson T et al. Inactivated influenza vaccinations in the elderly – are you sure? The Lancet 2007; 370: 1199-1200.
Jennings L et al. 2001. Influenza surveillance and immunisation in New Zealand, 1990-1999 New Zealand Public Health Report 8: 9-11. Quoted in: Anonymous Seasonal Influenza. Ministry of Health website http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/d2bc7fb1966ff9bfcc256e92001b0aca? Accessed 12 April 2008.
Jennings L. Influenza vaccination among New Zealand healthcare workers: low rates are concerning. NZMJ 2006; 119 (1233)
Jordan RE. Hawker JI. Influenza in elderly people in care homes. BMJ 2006;333:1229-1230.
Moscana A. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1363-73.